What's the main challenge to getting more people to take
oral vaccine in a situation like this?
It's cumbersome and more expensive than
oral vaccine alone, but recent studies show that the combination boosts immunity faster.
The nasal mist and
oral vaccine also provide protection to the animal sooner than the injection does.
The researchers pushing for a green light in Ethiopia point to the one shining success in
oral vaccines for wild animals, and to its One Health benefits.
Such campaigns are the backbone of the global push to eradicate polio, but this month the World Health Organization (WHO) in Geneva, Switzerland, proposed a shift in vaccination strategy
from oral vaccines to injected ones that may have to be administered in clinics.
Salk's vaccine eventually was replaced by a more effective
live oral vaccine developed by competitor Albert Sabin and distributed worldwide.
Later this year, if all goes well,
oral vaccines hidden in hunks of goat meat will be scattered across wolf ranges and eaten by the animals.
A recent synergy has made these
new oral vaccine efforts possible: improvements in vaccine technology (developed for humans and domesticated animals) and growing public and scientific interest in «One Health.»
For Ethiopia's
impending oral vaccine launch that has been so many years in the making, Sillero is optimistic.
The two outbreaks — polio is so contagious that a single case is considered an outbreak — underscore the urgency of all countries stopping the use of the
live oral vaccine, a key strategy in the polio eradication endgame, says Hamid Jafari, who directs global polio eradication at WHO in Geneva, Switzerland.
These cases aren't of the wild poliovirus variety, however, but rather derived from
the oral vaccine used against the pathogen.
In addition to the «Rota» or rotavirus vaccine being
an oral vaccine, many of the other vaccines are available in combination with each other.
Han - Zoric, M., «Antibody responses to parenteral and
oral vaccines are impaired by conventional and low protein formulas as compared to breastfeeding.»
On the opposite side of the globe from Bale, on North America's Great Plains, Rocke's lab is testing
an oral vaccine to protect prairie dogs and endangered ferrets from plague.
Oral vaccines aren't the only nontraditional delivery method.
Making a case to government officials that
oral vaccines are necessary conservation tools took decades of fieldwork, genetic testing and meetings upon meetings.
NOM NOM NOM A motion - sensitive camera captures a wolf scarfing down
an oral vaccine bait in a field test.
But Nepal also now has 18,000 doses of Shanchol,
an oral vaccine made of dead cholera bacteria by Shantha Biotechnics of Hyderabad, India.
In March 2017 in Scientific Reports, a research team published successful lab tests of
an oral vaccine against Ebola in captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).
The basic plan: Distribute
the oral vaccines at night once every two years, vaccinate at least 40 percent of a chosen wolf population and use motion - sensing cameras to see if each pack's high - ranking males and females — the primary pup producers — take the bait.
Oral vaccines could be scooped up and eaten by other animals.
On paper, the wolves look like good candidates for
an oral vaccine intervention.
The global health agency pledged to reduce the death toll — now running at 95,000 a year — by improving sanitation and strategically deploying an oral vaccine
«We have to stop using
the oral vaccine in a way which still gives high protection for the population.
«There is one camp that says we should stop vaccination immediately, because
the oral vaccine can revert and cause polio.
Researchers from Southern Medical University in Guangdong, Guangzhou, China, have developed
an oral vaccine against Helicobacter pylori, the bacteria responsible for peptic ulcers and some forms of gastric cancer, and have successfully tested it in mice.
L. acidophilus, a bacterium which is common in yogurt cultures, has distinct advantages as
an oral vaccine antigen delivery vehicle.
A group of leading scientists from across Europe have launched a three - year project aimed at developing
an oral vaccine against Clostridium difficile, an infection that kills around 4,000 people a year (almost four - times more than MRSA) and for which there is currently no effective treatments.
Meanwhile, the policy also calls for the introduction, as quickly as possible, of
the oral vaccine's old competitor: the inactivated Salk vaccine.
Gomes - Solecki and her team developed
an oral vaccine that could be mixed into an oatmeal pellet.
That costs more than ten times as much as
the oral vaccine and requires trained health workers to administer it, says Roland Sutter, a vaccinologist at the WHO.
He and his colleagues found that children with more stunted growth are most likely to fail to respond to
oral vaccines, suggesting a possible role of malnutrition.
«There are many benefits to
oral vaccines.
Bacterial infections of the gut are one reason children in the developing world are malnourished, and malnourishment can lead to a poorer response to
oral vaccines.
Compared with children in developed countries, children in the developing world show a poorer response to
oral vaccines (such as oral polio vaccine), whereas their response to vaccines that are administered systemically by injection (such as measles vaccine) doesn't appear to be much different.
One question that keeps coming up at the meeting here is the paradox that compared with developed countries,
some oral vaccines are less efficient in malnourished children in developing countries, even though such children show an overstimulation of their immune system in the gut.