Birth defects refer to abnormalities or malformations in a baby's physical structure, function or metabolism that occur before birth. These can be caused by genetic factors, environmental influences, or a combination of both. Birth defects can range from mild to severe and may affect various parts of the body such as the heart, brain, lungs, muscles, bones, skin or reproductive system. Some common examples include cleft lip/palate, Down syndrome, spina bifida, and congenital heart defects. The severity of birth defects can vary widely, with some causing life-threatening health problems while others may not cause any significant issues. Early detection and intervention are crucial in managing the effects of birth defects on a child's development and quality of life.