Exam boards refer to a group or body that is responsible for setting and developing examination questions, marking schemes, and assessment criteria. They are usually made up of subject experts who work in education institutions such as schools, colleges, universities, or other educational organizations. The role of the exam board includes ensuring that exams are fair, valid, reliable, and meet high standards of quality assurance. Exam boards also provide guidance on how to set questions, mark papers, and grade students' work consistently across different institutions. In some countries, there may be one centralized exam board responsible for setting standards and overseeing the administration of exams in schools or colleges, while in others, individual educational institutions may have their own internal exam boards that report to a higher-level body.