The phrase "in medicine" refers to the field or profession of medical practice, research and education. It encompasses all aspects related to diagnosing and treating illnesses in humans through the use of scientific knowledge, technology and clinical expertise. This includes areas such as surgery, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics, gynecology, radiology, pathology, pharmacology, epidemiology, public health, preventive medicine, medical ethics and many others. When the phrase is used in a sentence, it typically indicates that the action or topic being discussed pertains to some aspect of medical practice or research.