The term "independent scientist" refers to a researcher or scholar who is not affiliated with any particular institution, such as a university or government agency. They typically work on their own, without the support of a large organization, and often pursue their research interests outside of traditional academic settings. Independent scientists may be self-funded, working on a project-by-project basis, or they may receive funding from other sources such as private foundations or grants. They are known for their independence in thought and action, and their ability to explore innovative ideas without the constraints of traditional research institutions.