The term "modelling techniques" refers to a set of methods and approaches used by data scientists, statisticians or economists to develop models that can help explain, predict or describe complex phenomena. These techniques involve using mathematical algorithms, statistical analysis, machine learning, simulation or other computational tools to analyze large datasets, identify patterns or relationships between variables, and make predictions based on empirical evidence. Modelling techniques are widely used in various fields such as finance, marketing, healthcare, engineering, environmental science, among others, to help decision-makers make better informed choices by providing them with reliable forecasts, risk assessments or other valuable insights.