The local governments want the industries to pay for damage and adaptation costs resulting from climate change, including sea - level rise and more extreme storms. (mcclatchydc.com)
The optimal structural adaptation strategies are identified considering expected lifecycle loss / benefit and total structural adaptation cost during the investigated time interval. (sciencedaily.com)
According to the document, annual adaptation costs due to past emissions are estimated at US$ 7 - 15 billion by 2020. (uncclearn.org)