This trend among Hawaiian forest birds shows concordance with the spread of avian malaria, which has doubled over a decade at upper elevations and is associated with breeding of mosquitoes and warmer summertime air temperatures (Freed et al., 2005). (ipcc.ch)
A different approach could work for avian malaria in Hawaii. (reviverestore.org)
Hawaii's native birds could be protected from avian malaria by adjusting the disease vector (non-native, invasive mosquitoes) to no longer carry the disease or to be eliminated entirely. (reviverestore.org)