However, some pets experience bladder inflammation with crystals or stones, but no infection is present. (pamsdogtraining.com)
Because most of these symptoms are present in cases of bladder inflammation without stones as well as when urinary tract stones are present, more information will be needed for your vet to make a proper diagnosis. (wagwalking.com)
In individuals with overactive bladder or urge incontinence [179], or a non-infectious bladder inflammation called interstitial cystitis or painful bladder syndrome (PBS), caffeine consumption may trigger urination urgency and increase urination frequency [179,180]. (nutrientsreview.com)