«Harvard psychometrician and NAGB member Andrew Ho expressed concern that «unrealistically high short - term goals are a risk» that creates the incentive to focus on the «bubble kids» in a bid to meet those goals.» (gse.harvard.edu)
Much of the country is also doing better at signaling that every child counts, not just the «bubble kids» near the proficiency cut - off. (educationnext.org)
Further, instead of merely using proficiency rates, which encourage schools to focus on the «bubble kids» (i.e., those just above or below the proficiency threshold) states should use average test scores (like Nebraska) or a «performance index» (like Ohio). (educationnext.org)