On shorter time scales, and layered on top of Pacific Decadal Oscillation variation, the Pacific North American pattern and the El Niño - Southern Oscillation cycles (see Climate chapter) can also affect variation in snowpack. (montanaclimate.org)
A study led by scientists at the GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel shows that the ocean currents influence the heat exchange between ocean and atmosphere and thus can explain climate variability on decadal time scales. (sciencedaily.com)
Seasonality of tropical Pacific decadal trends associated with the 21st century global warming hiatus (Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans) (usclivar.org)