Together with analyses of mtDNA protein evolution, these data suggest that the long - term effective population size of Neandertals was smaller than that of modern humans and extant great apes. (science.sciencemag.org)
Changes to dn / ds in some of these domestic / wild animal comparisons may be the result of reductions in effective population size leading to relaxation in selective forces. (journals.plos.org)
Many higher order vertebrates have low effective population sizes resulting from reduced efficiency of selection [10], suggesting that neutral or mildly deleterious mutations such as some transposon insertions can easily reach fixation. (journals.plos.org)