We estimate multiple sources of error variance in the setting - level outcome and identify observation procedures to use in the efficacy study that most efficiently reduce these sources of error. (link.springer.com)
This is because reliability depends on error variance relative to the variance in the value - added estimates. (carnegieknowledgenetwork.org)
The number of buoy observations was multiplied by a factor of 6.8, which was determined by the ratio of random error variances of ship and buoy observations». (judithcurry.com)