The effect of management on pathogens appears to be mediated by immunity, with feral bees expressing immune genes at nearly twice the levels of managed bees following an immune challenge. (news.ncsu.edu)
They found two immune genes whose activity levels rose during sleep deprivation. (sciencedaily.com)
What causes the rest is a mystery — environmental influences, perhaps, or differences in the amounts of protein being made from particular immune genes. (scientificamerican.com)