«These include the sharp mud - over-peat contacts that are laterally continuous over 5 kilometers, changes in fossil foraminifera assemblages across the buried peat contacts, long - lasting submergence also derived from fossil foraminifera records, and radiocarbon ages of plant macrofossils taken from buried peat deposits that are consistent with other southern Cascadia earthquake chronologies derived from buried peat and tsunami deposits.» (sciencedaily.com)
(iv) Sites with charcoal macrofossils beneath, in, and above the current organic horizon (corresponding to the large majority of the remaining sites of the study area) are treeless stands composed of a much scattered cover (generally < 1 %) of black spruce shrubs — i.e. sites burned probably more than twice since initial forest establishment, without successful tree regeneration and currently forming lichen - shrub tundra. (rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org)
(i) Fire - free sites are those sites without charcoal macrofossils beneath, in, and on the current organic horizon (corresponding to 10 % of the surface of the study area) and with stands composed of a dense cover (generally > 40 %) of black spruce trees and shrubs — i.e. sites free of fire disturbance during a long period, but of unknown duration, of the Holocene. (rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org)