They shoot atoms, each with a widely orbiting electron, through a photon stream, and then measure how much the photons knock the electrons out of phase. (discovermagazine.com)
Superheavy nuclei have so many protons that they are thought to accelerate orbiting electrons, making them travel at up to 80 per cent the speed of light. (newscientist.com)
One of the most ubiquitous is the «octet rule,» which states that each atom in a molecule that is produced by a chemical reaction will have eight outer orbiting electrons. (sciencedaily.com)