The holy basil extract also affected pain in the peripheral nervous system, where pain messages originate. (healthyeating.sfgate.com)
Medical device giant Medtronic has received FDA clearance for its latest non-medication pain treatment: Intellis, a system which stimulates the spinal cord with electrical impulses to block pain messages from making it to the brain. (fortune.com)
Using a small amount of a radioactive substance as a tracer, the scientists focused on the brain's mu - opioid system in which chemicals called endogenous opioids bind to receptors and hinder the spread of pain messages in the brain. (scientificamerican.com)