Studies show that women who consume alcohol have a greater incidence of painful menstruation associated with PMS. (natural-fertility-info.com)
If the benign growths are inside or close to the uterine lining, they may obstruct blood flow, resulting in painful menstruation. (mindbodygreen.com)
Even though PID is not normally associated with painful menstruation (it may play a part), untreated infections of STIs such as chlamydia or syphilis can cause scarring in the fallopian tubes which can negatively affect fertility. (mindbodygreen.com)