The experiments showed that binding of the gold nanoparticles to the surface, at point defects, proved sufficiently strong to fix them, even at the top of the temperature range. (sciencedaily.com)
The more the composition was enriched with copper, the higher the concentration was of other point defects considered to be detrimental to the performance of solar cells. (sciencedaily.com)
The result: kesterites with a slightly copper - poor and zinc - rich composition found in solar cells with the highest efficiencies also have the lowest concentration of point defects as well as the lowest disorder of copper - zinc. (sciencedaily.com)