Differences in productivity growth between the United States, Japan and the euro area account to a substantial extent for the ten - year swings of the real dollar exchange rate over the past three decades, according to Cedric Tille, Nicolas Stoffels, and Olga Gorbachev. (newyorkfed.org)
The central thesis of the book is that, through the system of loaning, borrowing, repayment, tax haven and corruption, Africa is, in fact, a net creditor to the rest of the world: «The External assets of these [African] countries exceeded their external debts» and that, «to a substantial extent, African capital flight [i.e. continuing poverty] has been debt fuelled» (p. 9). (blog.politics.ox.ac.uk)
These modern proteins provide a fair representation of the β - lactamases from the several bacterial taxa (Fig. 1) and they span modern β - lactamase sequence space to a substantial extent, as they show limited sequence identity between themselves (Supplementary Table 4). (nature.com)