The researchers then trained the rats to recognize two colored lights: one signaling the availability of sugar reward, and the other signaling the omission of this reward. (sciencedaily.com)
They found that the female offspring who were fed the nutrient - enriched diet during early life learned faster and were more motivated to obtain the sugar reward. (sciencedaily.com)
Scientists exposed honeybee and bumblebee workers to the pesticide for 11 - 12 days and then assessed the effect of the pesticide using a proboscis extension reflex conditioning assay, which tests how bees learn to associate an odour with a sugar reward. (sciencedaily.com)