The phrase "wrongful removal" refers to the act of taking someone or something away without proper permission or legal authority. It means that the removal was done in a way that is considered unfair, illegal, or against the rules. Full definition
Article 12 provides that if the application is made within one year of the date of wrongful removal or retention, the authority concerned shall order the return of the child immediately. (international-divorce.com)
Article 12 seems to impose a one - year limitation period on parents bringing a claim for wrongful removal and retention in a foreign jurisdiction. (childabductionlaw.ca)
To this effect, courts in Canada, such as the Court of Queen's Bench of Alberta, have reiterated the Convention's emphasis on expediency for determining applications on wrongful removal or retention pursuant to the Hague Convention mechanism (see, for example, Court of Queen's Bench of Alberta, Family Practice Note «6», Art. 6, effective March 1, 2011). (ablawg.ca)