Looking at total area under the curve, you can see that carb free diet can reduce insulin by roughly 50 % but you can go another 50 % by fasting. (idmprogram.com)
Second, the 2 cortisol samples collected per day did not allow us to examine the cortisol awakening response (the difference in cortisol levels from waking to 30 minutes later) or to obtain a sensitive measure of total area under the curve across the day, both of which add unique information about the functioning of the HPA axis. (jamanetwork.com)
The principal measure of efficacy is called Area Under the Curve (AUC), a measure of how well biomarkers identify true cases of disease (sensitivity) while avoiding false positives (specificity). (sciencedaily.com)