Finally, we expected less parental warmth and more parental criticism to be predictive for ADHD
+ ODD group membership, compared with ADHD - only [23, 43].
Finally, in the ADHD
+ ODD group, 9 mothers smoked during pregnancy: 2 mothers smoked 11 — 15 cigarettes per day, 2 mothers smoked 6 — 10 cigarettes per day, 5 mothers smoked 1 — 5 cigarettes per day.
Not exact matches
In addition, we focused on comorbid ADHD
+ ODD and were not able to include an
ODD - only
group.
However, adverse life events acted as a stronger risk factor for ADHD
+ ODD than for ADHD - only, as stressed by its differentiating ability between the ADHD
+ ODD and ADHD - only
groups.
To this end, we assessed pre - and perinatal risk factors (pregnancy duration, birth weight, maternal smoking during pregnancy), transgenerational influences (parental ADHD, for ADHD - only and ADHD
+ ODD parental warmth and parental criticism as well), and postnatal risk factors (socioeconomic status [SES], adverse life events, deviant peer affiliations) in three
groups: ADHD
+ ODD, ADHD - only, and typically developing controls.