Under a growth system, a school might be rated based on how much progress 5th grade students make over
their 4th grade scores during an academic year.
The 4th grade scores were flat.
We measured value - added with the average change in combined reading and math scores for a school's students between the end of 3rd grade and the end of 4th grade; we measured cross-cohort changes with the change in
4th grade scores from one year to the next.
The report, released last week by the U.S. Department of Education, is based on
4th grade scores from the National Assessment of Educational Progress, a set of federally mandated tests given periodically to nationally representative samples of students.
Not exact matches
Students in
4th - 6th
grade who went to bed an average of 30 - 40 minutes earlier improved in memory, motor speed, attention, and other abilities associated with math and reading test
scores.
So on a bright November afternoon three weeks after the test, Hope's math specialist, Christine Madison, and two of the school's
4th -
grade teachers huddled over five pages of test -
score data assembled for them by ANet.
In
4th grade reading in 1998, for example,
scores ranged from a low of 17 percent in Hawaii to a high of 46 percent in Connecticut.
In other words, what was the change in test
scores for
4th graders from year to year at a school that had teacher turnover in that
grade compared to the change in test
scores between
4th graders at a school that did not have teacher turnover in that
grade?
Perform in top half of
4th and 8th
grade NAEP
scores among states by 2019; have 75 percent of 3rd graders proficient in reading by 2025; average ACT composite
score of 21 by 2020; 95 percent graduation rate by 2024 - 25
A compelling way to see this is to look at the relationship across schools between the average test -
score gain students make between the
4th and 8th
grade and our summary measure of their students» fluid cognitive ability at the end of that period (see Figure 2).
In 1998, Florida
scored about one
grade level below the national average on the
4th -
grade NAEP reading test, but it was
scoring above that average by 2003, and made further gains in subsequent years (see Figure 1).
The results do suggest, however, that the aggregate test
scores on the
4th -
grade NAEP could well be inflated by the retention policy.
To assess how well Florida performed relative to the rest of the nation, one can use the results for initial 3rd -
grade students on the FCAT to rescale the state's
4th -
grade scores on the NAEP reading exam.
For example, when reviewing reading
scores across the
4th grade, they found that many of the students were struggling with the concept of summarization.
The first class affected by the retention policy entered the
4th grade during the 2004 school year, and thus the first NAEP
score that could have been influenced by the exclusion of low - performing students from the
4th -
grade NAEP sample was the spring 2005 administration.
For example, in
4th -
grade math, we find that NCLB increased
scores at the 10th percentile by roughly 0.29 standard deviations compared with an increase of only 0.17 standard deviations at the 90th percentile (see Figure 3).
Because Florida did not participate in the NAEP in 2000, I use as the state's baseline
score its median
score on the
4th -
grade NAEP reading exam in 1998.
I find that the gains among initial 3rd graders were not as dramatic as those shown on the
4th -
grade NAEP, thereby suggesting that the
4th -
grade scores did create the appearance of steeper achievement growth than actually took place.
The improvement in the median reading
score for those students entering 3rd
grade is smaller than the NAEP increase for
4th graders over the same time period.
Haney and others have concluded that this policy change artificially drove up
4th -
grade test
scores, because it removed from the cohort of students tested those who were retained in 3rd
grade, the very students most likely to
score the lowest on standardized tests.
The figure documents clear positive movement across the test -
score distribution for the first cohort of students that needed to reach a minimal
score on the FCAT exam in order to be promoted from the 3rd to the
4th grade (2003).
As critics contend, the state's aggregate test -
score improvements on the
4th -
grade FCAT reading exam — and likely on the NAEP exam as well — are inflated by the change in the number of students who were retained in 3rd
grade in accordance with the state's new test - based promotion policy.
In particular, since 2001 (that is, since NCLB was passed), there have been sizable gains in NAEP
4th - and 8th -
grade math tests, small improvements in
4th - and 8th -
grade reading tests, and very little change in 12th -
grade scores.
Thus, I also assume that the state made no meaningful gains in
4th -
grade reading between 1998 and 2000 that would have shown up on NAEP, which squares with the
scores on the state's own reading assessment.
He contends that it is «abundantly clear» that Florida's aggregate test -
score improvements are a mirage caused by changes in the students enrolled in the
4th grade after the state began holding back a large number of 3rd -
grade students in 2004 (all school years are reported by the year in which they ended).
But in May 2002, the state legislature made one of its boldest moves, revising the School Code, the state's education law, to require 3rd -
grade students to
score at the Level - 2 benchmark or above on the reading portion of the FCAT in order to be promoted to
4th grade.
On the 2017 National Assessment of Educational Progress, Chicago was the sole district to narrow its test -
score gap between white students and black students in
4th -
grade math compared to 2015.
In 1998, Florida's
4th grade NAEP reading
scores were one
grade level below the national average; by 2005, their adjusted
scores were above the national average.
This comports with the interpretation that average peer achievement influences everyone's test
scores, since Asians
score higher than whites in math overall (the Asian - white
score gap is positive and relatively large in math, 0.62 of a standard deviation in the
4th, 5th, and 6th
grades).
Amrein and Berliner found that
4th -
grade math
scores increased at a slower rate than the national average in 8 of the 12 states, faster in just 4.
By the
4th grade, public school children who
score among the top 10 percent of students on the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) are reading at least six
grade levels above those in the bottom 10 percent.
At the
4th grade level in math and reading, D.C. students gained 6 scale
score points between 2007 and 2009, while the average gain in the other districts was only 1 point and 2.2 points, respectively.
In 2009, 27 percent of Florida's
4th graders
scored below basic on
4th grade reading.
Researcher focus heavily on
4th grade reading
scores as a result.
Although Florida's record of steady improvement on the National Assessment of Educational Progress (a national test administered to students in all states) has won plaudits from observers across the country, critics have alleged the improvement in
4th grade test
scores was apparent, not real.
The effects for
4th, 5th, and 6th
grade reading
scores are similar.
For example, during the Rhee years,
4th -
grade students, in both reading and math, gained an average of 3 points each year relative to the
scores earned by students nationwide, a gain twice that of Rhee's predecessors.
We're looking at the teachers that students have in
4th through 8th
grade and two different measures: end of the 8th -
grade test
score and at the number of advanced math courses students take in high school.
To assess the latter, let's focus on the eight states where Amrein and Berliner concluded that
4th -
grade math
scores decreased following the introduction of high - stakes testing.
Each state's
score (averaged across the tests in math and reading in the
4th and 8th
grades) is reported in months of learning, compared to an overall average adjusted
score of zero.
At the
4th -
grade level, D.C. students in math and reading gained 6 scale
score points between 2007 and 2009, while the average gain in the other 10 cities for which comparable data are available was only 1 point and 2.2 points, respectively.
As noted earlier, whereas Amrein and Berliner simply compared the test
scores of
4th graders in one year with those of a different set of
4th graders four years later, we measured students» growth in achievement between the
4th and 8th
grades.
Scores on the National Assessment for Educational Progress have been impossibly low since 2009; just 4 percent of
4th -
grade students were proficient in math and 7 percent in reading in 2013.
On average, the
4th -
grade math and reading test
scores of KIPP late entrants were 0.15 to 0.16 standard deviations above the district average, putting them 0.19 standard deviations above the
scores of students who enrolled in the normal intake
grade.
Conversely, late entrants at district schools had dramatically lower average
4th -
grade test
scores than on - time enrollees: 0.30 and 0.32 standard deviations lower in reading and math, respectively (in both cases, 0.29 standard deviations below the district average).
When we constructed a more limited Chance - for - Success Index that included only those indicators that signal education quality — pre-school and kindergarten enrollment,
4th — and 8th -
grade proficiency
scores, and high school graduation rates — we learned that the rankings of states changed a good deal.
For example, from 1990 to 2007, black students» scale
scores increased 34 points on the NAEP
4th -
grade mathematics tests (compared with a 28 - point increase for whites), and the black - white achievement gap declined from 32 to 26 points during this period.
Either could explain why
4th -
grade scores were up throughout the state, and student gains in Rochester, Syracuse, and Yonkers were even more impressive than in Gotham (see Hanushek, «Pseudo-Science»).
For each state and country, we regress the available test
scores on a year variable, indicators for the international testing series (PISA, TIMSS, PIRLS), a
grade indicator (
4th vs. 8th
grade), and subject indicators (mathematics, reading, science).
When charting the average mathematics scale
score and percentage of students eligible for free and reduced - price lunch in the
4th and 8th
grades, we find that only nine or fewer states had a smaller percentage of students than Minnesota below «basic» proficiency.