To name just a few of the climate impacts of the annular modes: the NAM is associated with large
anomalies in surface temperatures and
precipitation across North
American and Eurasia, in the distribution of sea - ice throughout the Arctic, in sea - surface temperatures over the North Atlantic, and in the spatial distribution ozone in the lower stratosphere.
Global solar irradiance reconstruction [48 — 50] and ice - core based sulfate (SO4) influx in the Northern Hemisphere [51] from volcanic activity (a); mean annual temperature (MAT) reconstructions for the Northern Hemisphere [52], North America [29], and the
American Southwest * expressed as
anomalies based on 1961 — 1990 temperature averages (b); changes in ENSO - related variability based on El Junco diatom record [41], oxygen isotopes records from Palmyra [42], and the unified ENSO proxy [UEP; 23](c); changes in PDSI variability for the
American Southwest (d), and changes in winter
precipitation variability as simulated by CESM model ensembles 2 to 5 [43].