To summarize, the present research
addresses a number of questions about the specificity of direct and indirect aggression and victimization in their
associations with various forms of psychological
difficulties.
(B) Genetic / constitutional factors: while it has generally been assumed that
associations between maternal depression and poor child outcome arise because of the impact of maternal factors on the child, recent research has highlighted the fact that relations between parents and their children are bidirectional in their influence.24 The possibility therefore needs to be
addressed that poor child outcome, parenting
difficulties, and even maternal depression itself may all be influenced by infant factors.