Wallace S. Broecker: Preface 1: Jean - Pierre Gattuso and Lina Hansson: Ocean Acidification: Background and History 2: Richard E. Zeebe and Andy Ridgwell: Past Changes of Ocean Carbonate Chemistry 3: James C. Orr: Recent and Future
Changes in Ocean Carbonate Chemistry 4: Andrew H. Knoll and Woodward W. Fischer: Skeletons and Ocean Chemistry: The Long View 5: Markus G. Weinbauer, Xavier Mari, and Jean - Pierre Gattuso: Effect of Ocean Acidification on the Diversity and Activity of Heterotrophic Marine Microorganisms 6: Ulf Riebesell and Philippe D. Tortell: Effects of Ocean Acidification on Pelagic Organisms and Ecosystems 7: Andreas J. Andersson, Fred T. Mackenzie, and Jean - Pierre Gattuso: Effects of Ocean Acidification on Benthic Processes, Organisms, and Ecosystems 8: Hans - Otto Pörtner, Magda Gutowska, Atsushi Ishimatsu, Magnus Lucassen, Frank Melzner, and Brad Seibel: Effects of Ocean Acidification on Nektonic Organisms 9: Stephen Widdicombe, John I. Spicer, and Vassilis Kitidis: Effects of Ocean Acidification on Sediment Fauna 10: James P. Barry, Stephen Widdicombe, and Jason M. Hall - Spencer: Effects of Ocean Acidification on Marine Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function 11: Frances Hopkins, Philip Nightingale, and Peter Liss: Effects of Ocean Acidification on the Marine Source of Atmospherically - Active Trace Gases 12: Marion Gehlen, Nicolas Gruber, Reidun Gangstø, Laurent Bopp, and Andreas Oschlies: Biogeochemical Consequences of Ocean Acidification and Feedback to the Earth System 13: Carol Turley and Kelvin Boot: The Ocean Acidification Challenges Facing Science and Society 14: Fortunat Joos, Thomas L. Frölicher, Marco Steinacher, and Gian - Kasper Plattner: Impact of Climate Change Mitigation on Ocean Acidification Projections 15: Jean - Pierre Gattuso, Jelle Bijma, Marion Gehlen, Ulf Riebesell, and Carol Turley: Ocean Acidification: Knowns, Unknowns, and Perspectives Index
Changes in the ocean carbonate system impact the acid - base balance in marine organisms.
Not exact matches
Earth System Threshold Measure Boundary Current Level Preindustrial Climate
Change CO2 Concentration 350 ppm 387 ppm 280 ppm Biodiversity Loss Extinction Rate 10 pm > 100 pm * 0.1 - one pm Nitrogen Cycle N2 Tonnage 35 mmt ** 121 mmt 0 Phosphorous Cycle Level
in Ocean 11 mmt 8.5 - 9.5 mmt — 1 mmt Ozone Layer O3 Concentration 276 DU # 283 DU 290 DU
Ocean Acidification Aragonite ^ ^ Levels 2.75 2.90 3.44 Freshwater Usage Consumption 4,000 km3 ^ 2,600 km3 415 km3 Land Use
Change Cropland Conversion 15 km3 11.7 km3 Low Aerosols Soot Concentration TBD TBD TBD Chemical Pollution TBD TBD TBD TBD * pm = per million ** mmt = millions of metric tons #DU = dobson unit ^ km3 = cubic kilometers ^ ^ Aragonite is a form of calcium
carbonate.
Such priorities include: 1) establishing an
ocean carbon chemistry baseline; 2) establishing ecological baselines; 3) determining species / habitat / community sensitivity to
ocean acidification; 4) projecting
changes in seawater
carbonate chemistry; and 5) identifying potentially synergistic effects of multiple stressors.
Calcification
in the
Ocean, Impacts of Climate
Change on Marine Calcification (Coral Reefs and Shellfish),
Ocean Acidification, Records of Climate
Change in Coral Skeletons, Geochemistry of Calcium
Carbonate Shells and Skeletons, Development of New Proxies for
Ocean Climate
Oceanic uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) causes pronounced shifts
in marine
carbonate chemistry and a decrease
in seawater pH. Increasing evidence indicates that these
changes — summarized by the term
ocean acidification (OA)-- can significantly affect marine food webs and biogeochemical cycles.
Anthropogenic CO2 emissions are leading to a gradual decrease
in ocean pH and
changes in seawater
carbonate chemistry, a process known as
ocean acidification (OA).
The South China Sea (SCS) is said to be
ocean - dominated at depth, and its CaCO3 records should reflect and preserve the effects of changes in the carbonate chemistry of the (western) Pacific O
ocean - dominated at depth, and its CaCO3 records should reflect and preserve the effects of
changes in the
carbonate chemistry of the (western) Pacific
OceanOcean.
«Documenting an effect of OA [
ocean acidification] involves showing a
change in a species (e.g. population abundance or distribution) as a consequence of anthropogenic
changes in marine
carbonate chemistry.
[OOOPS; this nonlinear effect puts their «alternative concept» into the realm of Trump administration «alternative facts» — BD] Although the deep
ocean could dissolve 70 to 80 % of the expected anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions and the sediments could neutralize another 15 % it takes some 400 years for the deep
ocean to exchange with the surface and thousands more for
changes in sedimentary calcium
carbonate to equilibrate with the atmosphere.
A simple glance at the buffering power of the
carbonate equilibrium system and the vast reservoir of DIC
in the
oceans would lead one to guess that CO2 acidification would be negligible — but it's the rate of
change, not the long - term equilibria, that matters
in terms of the real - time effect.
As acids go, H2CO3 is relatively innocuous — we drink it all the time
in Coke and other
carbonated beverages — but
in sufficient quantities it can
change the water's pH. Already, humans have pumped enough carbon into the
oceans — some hundred and twenty billion tons — to produce a.1 decline
in surface pH. Since pH, like the Richter scale, is a logarithmic measure, a.1 drop represents a rise
in acidity of about thirty per cent.
«We knew there were
changes in carbonate chemistry of the surface
ocean associated with the large - scale glacial - interglacial cycles
in CO2 [levels], and that these past
changes were of similar magnitude to the anthropogenic
changes we are seeing now,» says study co-author William Howard, a marine geologist at ACE.
This
change in patterns of deep -
ocean sedimentation will result
in a curious, dark band of
carbonate - free rock — rather like that which is seen
in sediments from the Palaeocene - Eocene thermal maximum, an episode of severe greenhouse warming brought on by the release of pent - up carbon 56m years ago.
The size of the carbon injection is estimated from
changes in the stable carbon isotope ratio 13C / 12C
in sediments and from
ocean acidification implied by
changes in the
ocean depth below which
carbonate dissolution occurred.
These
changes are resulting
in a decrease
in pH,
carbonate ion concentrations, and dissolved oxygen
in the
ocean.
The pH
in surface open -
ocean waters was regulated largely by
changes in CO2 because the
carbonate ion concentration (CO3 −) concentration is relatively uniform over the timescales of interest and
ocean waters are mostly saturated
in Ca2 + (Caldeira and Berner 1999).
Thus, it is essential to consider the conditions
in study species» habitats when applying global
change scenarios to experimental designs, and
in assessing how local baseline levels of temperature, pH / pCO2 and
carbonate mineral saturation may
change in a future
ocean [24,26,39].
The rapid uptake of heat energy and CO2 by the
ocean results
in a series of concomitant
changes in seawater
carbonate chemistry, including reductions
in pH and
carbonate saturation state, as well as increases
in dissolved CO2 and bicarbonate ions [3]: a phenomenon defined as
ocean acidification.
«
In our study, the increase in ocean acidity and decrease in carbonate ions occurred regardless of the degree of temperature change associated with global warming,» Jain sai
In our study, the increase
in ocean acidity and decrease in carbonate ions occurred regardless of the degree of temperature change associated with global warming,» Jain sai
in ocean acidity and decrease
in carbonate ions occurred regardless of the degree of temperature change associated with global warming,» Jain sai
in carbonate ions occurred regardless of the degree of temperature
change associated with global warming,» Jain said.
CO2 goes up and down with
changes in ocean temperature just exactly like the
carbonated drinks.