Conclusions Compared to offspring of adult women,
children of adolescent mothers have lower mean scores on cognitive measures, smaller head circumference, and higher BMI.
Background
Children of adolescent mothers may suffer because of parenting inadequacies.
Frank Furstenberg and Kathleen Harris, «When and Why Fathers Matter: Impacts of Father Involvement on
Children of Adolescent Mothers,» in Young Unwed Fathers: Changing Roles and Emerging Policies, R. Lerman and T. Ooms, eds.
When and why fathers matter: Impacts of father involvement on
the children of adolescent mothers.
Not exact matches
(9) Many
of the problems
of troubled
children and
adolescents, which bring families to therapy, stem from the unfulfilling, one - down position
of their
mothers and the emotionally distant, high - pressure life - styles
of their success - driven fathers.
A study
of the dietary intake
of Cypriot
children and
adolescents aged 6 — 18 years and the association
of mother's educational status and
children's weight status on adherence to nutritional recommendations
Erkut et al (2005), studying Puerto Rican
adolescent fathers, found their involvement influenced by
child characteristics, their own perceptions
of their fathering competence, social support — and the quality
of relationship with their baby's
mother
Mothers» perceptions
of barriers, parenting alliance, and
adolescent fathers» engagement with their
children.
Colic, crying, round - the - clock wakings — is it any wonder that parents experience high rates
of depression in the first year after the birth
of a child?A study
of British parents in the Archives
of Pediatrics &
Adolescent Medicine has found that more than one - third
of mothers and about one - fifth
of fathers seem to have weathered depression sometime between becoming parents and their
children's 12th birthday, with the most episodes occurring in the first year after birth.
Parents» marital conflict is expected to influence
children's and
adolescents» attachment security to the
mother by reducing the responsiveness and effectiveness
of her parenting (Markiewicz, Doyle, & Brendgen, 2001).
The researchers focused on 687 families comprised
of a
mother, father and
adolescent child.
Milkie, M. A., Nomaguchi, K. M. and Denny, K. E. (2015), Does the Amount
of Time
Mothers Spend With
Children or
Adolescents Matter?.
Someone told me ones that for every warm and supporting year
of mothering through breastfeeding, that
child will have a warm and supporting
adolescent year.
Here, to illustrate the connection between fatherhood and
child well - being, I compare
adolescent boys and girls who fall into one
of four categories: those living in an intact, married family with a high - quality relationship with their father (top third), or an average - quality relationship with their father (middle third), or a low - quality relationship with him (bottom third), or living in a single -
mother family.
The nine national models that met the HHS evidence requirements as
of October 2011 include
Child FIRST, Early Head Start — Home Visiting (EHS — HV), Early Intervention Program for
Adolescent Mothers (EIP), Family Check - Up, Healthy Families America (HFA), Healthy Steps, Home Instruction for Parents
of Preschool Youngsters (HIPPY), Nurse - Family Partnership (NFP), and Parents as Teachers (PAT).
Those models include:
Child FIRST, Early Head Start - Home Visiting, Early Intervention Program for
Adolescent Mothers (EIP), Early Start (New Zealand), Family Check - Up, Healthy Families America (HFA), Healthy Steps, Home Instruction for Parents
of Preschool Youngsters (HIPPY), Nurse Family Partnership (NFP), Oklahoma's Community - Based Family Resource and Support (CBFRS) Program, Parents as Teachers (PAT), Play and Learning Strategies (PALS) Infant6, and SafeCare Augmented.
Articles by him have been published in The Brown University
Child and
Adolescent Behavior Letter, Young
Children, Contemporary Pediatrics, the Journal
of Psychohistory,
Mothering Magazine, New Beginnings, Working
Mother and other national and foreign publications.
Dr Kaylene Henderson, MBBS FRANZCP Cert C&A Psych Infant,
Child &
Adolescent Psychiatrist, Author, Registered Parent Educator and
Mother of three.
The March 1997 Archives
of Pediatrics and
Adolescent Medicine described one young person's horror on learning that «she» had been born a normal male, but that a circumciser had burned his penis off when he was a baby.60 Many other similar cases have been documented.61, 62 Infant circumcision has a reported death rate
of one in 500,000.63, 64 · Circumcision harms
mothers: Scientific studies have consistently shown that circumcision disrupts a
child's behavioral development.
Dr. Sandeep Vohra, Neuropsychiatrist, Addiction Psychiatrist and
Adolescent And
Child Psychiatrist, Apollo Hospital recommends
mothers to have uninterrupted 6 - 8 hours
of sleep every day, followed by a healthy lifestyle and regular exercise.
Half
of the maternal deaths are because the
mothers are just too young, there are
adolescents, and they are
children with
children.
Existing research has often highlighted the adverse effects
of air pollutants on lung function in school - age
children and
adolescents, but the effects
of a
mother's exposure to pollution on the lung function
of her unborn
child and shortly after birth are less well known.
It is difficult to determine exactly what proportion
of those losses are due to maternal malnutrition, but recent research indicates that 60 percent
of deaths
of children under age 5 are associated with malnutrition — and
children's malnutrition is strongly correlated with
mothers» poor nutritional status.17 Problems related to anemia, for example, including cognitive impairment in
children and low productivity in adults, cost US$ 5 billion a year in South Asia alone.18 Illness associated with nutrient deficiencies have significantly reduced the productivity
of women in less developed countries.19 A recent report from Asia shows that malnutrition reduces human productivity by 10 percent to 15 percent and gross domestic product by 5 percent to 10 percent.20 By improving the nutrition
of adolescent girls and women, nations can reduce health care costs, increase intellectual capacity, and improve adult productivity.21
«The feminist critique
of objectivity rests heavily on the psychoanalytical perspective
of Nancy Chodorow, who has argued that female and male
children articulate their
adolescent identity through fundamentally divergent responses to the maternal bond: To forge their identity as men, male
children must detach themselves from their primary love - object, whereas female
children forge their identitites as women in continuing identification with the
mothers.......
Parent -
child interaction among Latina
adolescent mothers: The role
of family and social support.
Complications
of pregnancy and childbirth are the second leading cause
of death among 15 — 19 - year - old women, 1 and babies born to
adolescent mothers face greater health risks than those born to older women.2, 3 Moreover,
adolescent childbearing is associated with lower educational attainment, and it can perpetuate a cycle
of poverty from one generation to the next.4, 5 Thus, helping young women avoid unintended pregnancies can have far - reaching benefits for them, their
children and societies as a whole.
Moreover, it might be that specifically after the conclusion
of «external control» by the therapists,
mothers with an insecure - anxious attachment style13 might fear that the weight - control behaviors threaten their relationship with the
child /
adolescent.
These findings approximate those
of the more recent National Survey
of Child and Adolescent Well - Being (NSCAW) that 20 percent of children in an investigation for abuse and neglect had a mother who, by either the child welfare worker's or mother's account, was involved with drugs or alcohol; that figure rises to 42 percent for children who are placed into foster care.7 These studies have clearly established a positive relationship between a caregiver's substance abuse and child maltreatment among children in out - of - home care and among children in the general popula
Child and
Adolescent Well - Being (NSCAW) that 20 percent
of children in an investigation for abuse and neglect had a
mother who, by either the
child welfare worker's or mother's account, was involved with drugs or alcohol; that figure rises to 42 percent for children who are placed into foster care.7 These studies have clearly established a positive relationship between a caregiver's substance abuse and child maltreatment among children in out - of - home care and among children in the general popula
child welfare worker's or
mother's account, was involved with drugs or alcohol; that figure rises to 42 percent for
children who are placed into foster care.7 These studies have clearly established a positive relationship between a caregiver's substance abuse and
child maltreatment among children in out - of - home care and among children in the general popula
child maltreatment among
children in out -
of - home care and among
children in the general population.
The program originally developed in Elmira served primarily white, rural
adolescent mothers (400
mothers, divided into four different treatment groups) for whom data are available through the
child's fifteenth birthday.27 It was replicated in Memphis with an urban sample
of 1,139 predominantly African American
adolescent mothers and their
children who have been followed through age nine28 and in Denver with an ethnically diverse sample
of 735 low - income
mothers and their
children who have been followed through age four.29 Beginning in 1996, NFP programs began expanding to other states using a mix
of private, local, and federal funds.
It is significant that home - visiting programs are particularly effective in preventing
child abuse and neglect among first - time
adolescent mothers, because these women provide the truest test
of a primary prevention program.
Christine Buchanan, Eleanor Maccoby, and Sanford Dornbusch found that
adolescents had fewer emotional and behavior problems following divorce if their
mothers remarried than if they cohabited with a partner.31 Similarly, two studies
of African American families found that
children were better off in certain respects if they lived with stepfathers than with their
mother's cohabiting partners.32 In contrast, Susan Brown found no significant differences between
children in married and cohabiting stepfamilies.33 Although these data suggest that
children may be better off if single
mothers marry their partners rather than cohabit, the small number
of studies on this topic makes it difficult to draw firm conclusions.
The Effects
of Divorced
Mothers» Dating Behaviors and Sexual Attitudes on the Sexual Attitudes and Behaviors
of Their
Adolescent Children
Some studies, such as those testing the efficacy
of the Nurse - Family Partnership program across several sites, have shown positive outcomes in multiple domains for both
mothers and
children, with some
of these effects continuing into the
adolescent years.
Coffman et al. found that for
adolescent children (15 - 16), the PCRI was valid for assessing concurrent and predictive features
of mother -
child relationships, but it was not valid for assessing characteristics
of father -
child relationships.
Indicators
of parent -
child relationships from the perspective
of adolescents studied by «Reflected parental attitude questionnaire» (A.Y. Varga, V.V. Stolin, modification by E.V. Romanova, M.V. Galimzyanova); «Features
of parental attitude inventory» (E.V. Romanova, A.N. Sleptsova); «Kinetic family drawing» (R. Burns, S. Kaufman); drawings «My world», «
Mother's world», «Father's world» (E.V. Romanova).
A review
of participation in PA for
children and
adolescents reported that
mothers» education level was a factor affecting participation for their
children, as was family income [68].
While psychological problems in the family are significantly related to
child psychopathology in refugee
children and
adolescents, the role
of mothers appears to be particularly important as shown by Ajdukovic and Ajdukovic (1993) who found that
mothers» emotional well - being best predicted emotional well being and adaptation in
children.
Early Intervention Program for
Adolescent Mothers (EIP)
Child Trends (2010) Explores the Early Intervention Program for
Adolescent Mothers as an intense home - visiting program by nurses extending through pregnancy and 1 year after delivery and is designed to improve the health
of pregnant
adolescents through promoting positive maternal behaviors.
Of the 32 models reviewed, 12 met the DHHS criteria for an evidence - based early childhood home visiting model: (1) Child FIRST, (2) Early Head Start - Home Visiting (EHS), (3) Early Intervention Program for Adolescent Mothers (EIP), (4) Early Start (New Zealand), (5) Family Check - Up, (6) Healthy Families America (HFA), (7) Healthy Steps, (8) Home Instruction for Parents of Preschool Youngsters (HIPPY), (9) Nurse - Family Partnership (NFP), (10) Oklahoma's Community - Based Family Resource and Support (CBFRS) Program, (11) Parents as Teachers (PAT), and (12) Play and Learning Strategies (PALS) for Infant
Of the 32 models reviewed, 12 met the DHHS criteria for an evidence - based early childhood home visiting model: (1)
Child FIRST, (2) Early Head Start - Home Visiting (EHS), (3) Early Intervention Program for
Adolescent Mothers (EIP), (4) Early Start (New Zealand), (5) Family Check - Up, (6) Healthy Families America (HFA), (7) Healthy Steps, (8) Home Instruction for Parents
of Preschool Youngsters (HIPPY), (9) Nurse - Family Partnership (NFP), (10) Oklahoma's Community - Based Family Resource and Support (CBFRS) Program, (11) Parents as Teachers (PAT), and (12) Play and Learning Strategies (PALS) for Infant
of Preschool Youngsters (HIPPY), (9) Nurse - Family Partnership (NFP), (10) Oklahoma's Community - Based Family Resource and Support (CBFRS) Program, (11) Parents as Teachers (PAT), and (12) Play and Learning Strategies (PALS) for Infants.
They are as follows:
Child First, Early Head Start — Home Visiting, Early Intervention Program for
Adolescent Mothers, Early Start, Family Check - Up, Healthy Families America, Healthy Steps, Home Instruction for Parents
of Preschool Youngsters (HIPPY), Nurse Family Partnership, Oklahoma Community - Based Family Resources and Support, Parents as Teachers, Play and Learning Strategies — Infant, SafeCare Augmented, and Maternal Early Childhood Sustained Home Visiting Program.
Fact: In families formed by black
adolescent mothers,» [t] he presence
of a father inside the home provide [d] only a modest advantage for
children's well - being.
This finding is consistent with the meta - analysis by Amato and Gilbreth (1999) showing that when it comes to nonresident father involvement, although feelings
of closeness and indicators
of authoritative parenting have the strongest influence on
child well - being, the effects are generally modest... Our results also reveal that the quality
of the
mother -
child relationship has stronger, more consistent effects on
adolescent well - being than the nonresident father -
child relationship.
Depression, reflected in prolonged sadness and feelings
of despair, is associated with less engaged, stimulating and proactive parenting, and with a range
of social and cognitive problems in young
children during infancy, toddlerhood and the preschool years.4 Because young
children are so dependent on their
mothers for cognitive stimulation and social interaction, they are more likely to be vulnerable to the impact
of maternal depression than school - age
children or
adolescents.
The relation between
child - rearing beliefs and the home environment in a sample
of adolescent mothers.
Rather, the family context — more specifically the
mother -
child relationship, their level
of interaction, and the
mother's attitudes toward and discussion
of sex — is associated with
adolescent sexual debut.
Parents» marital conflict is expected to influence
children's and
adolescents» attachment security to the
mother by reducing the responsiveness and effectiveness
of her parenting (Markiewicz, Doyle, & Brendgen, 2001).
My colleagues and I have focused our research program on parent support
of vulnerable groups and have found, through the use
of randomized control trials, that systematic interventions directed at parenting behaviours improve parental contingency in low - income parents and in
adolescent mothers.12, 13 Similarly, we have found that systematic intervention on family problem - solving behaviour, what Trivette and Dunst call participatory help - giving practice, also improves contingency
of parent -
child interactions.14
All these studies, however, also report that the quality
of the
mother -
child relationship has a stronger, more consistent effect on
adolescent well - being than the father -
child relationship... The effects
of nonresident father involvement on
adolescent well - being found in this study are clearly modest.
Fact: «The primary aim
of this study is to assess how multiple dimensions
of nonresident father involvement are associated with different dimensions
of adolescent well - being... studies provide some limited evidence that nonresident father -
child closeness and authoritative parenting practices may contribute to
adolescent well - being independently
of the
mother -
child relationship.
She is also the principal investigator
of a complementary study within the SHM project, funded by the William T. Grant Foundation, that uses a daily diary measurement approach to catalog everyday family interactions among
mothers, fathers, and
adolescent children.