Chinese writing evolved through the development of
pictographs (which depicted objects) or ideographs (which represented abstract notions) and the bronze sculptures from the artist's series Sages» Sayings derive from these ancient forms.
Other important contributors to action painting include: Mark Tobey noted for his White Writing style of calligraphic gesturalism; Franz Kline, an artist whose works include colour field compositions as well as vigorous gestural work, sometimes compared to gigantically enlarged fragments of
Chinese calligraphy); Robert Motherwell (in his series entitled Elegy to the Spanish Republic, and his powerful black and white paintings); Cy Twombly (in his gestural works based on calligraphic, linear symbols) and Adolph Gottlieb (noted for his abstract surrealist series including
Pictographs, Imaginary Landscapes and Bursts).