When studying the effect of climate change on biodiversity, it is important to consider
the climate near the ground (microclimate) which a plant or an animal actually experiences.
Microclimate is
the climate near the ground which can be colder or warmer than in the free atmosphere, depending on local topography (e.g. north vs. south side of a hill, higher vs. lower elevation) and vegetation (e.g. young sparse vs. old dense forest).
Geiger's valuable book
Climate Near the Ground published in 1950 was an important contribution to climate science that few know about, but that requires another column.
Read Geiger's brilliant 1965
Climate Near the Ground to learn the difference.
The W / m ^ 2 involved here dwarf any possible incremental GHG effects, and the total amounts closely balance the downward IR — an empirical result cited by Geiger's classic text (
Climate near the Ground) in the early pages.
Not exact matches
Researchers have found evidence that
near -
ground biogenic emissions of organics suppress cloud formation in cool - temperate forests in autumn, providing clues to how global warming will affect cloud formation and the overall
climate.
Degradation of
near - surface permafrost (perennially frozen
ground) caused by modern
climate change is adversely affecting human infrastructure, altering Arctic ecosystem structure and function, changing the surface energy balance, and has the potential to dramatically impact Arctic hydrological processes and increase greenhouse gas emissions.
Nevertheless, this compilation contains the only known official
climate records for the Western Australia colony before 1900 and although recording discrepancies may have been common, these mistakes might either inflate or deflate the real temperatures (e.g. thermometers
near warm buildings or in cool locations, although a common error was heat radiation from the
ground).
My well - thumbed copy of «
Climate Near The
Ground» gives the following emissivities for longwave radiation:
«
Climate Near The
Ground», by Rudolph Geiger, is one of the canonical texts in the field.
But there's no indication that the two sides of the
climate change debate will reach any common
ground in the
near future on what scientific evidence is showing, or what policy decisions should be adopted.
Instead of a
near - term treaty, we may see a kind of
climate interregnum, a shift from an era of treaties (1992 - 2009), where addressing
climate change was
grounded in international law, to an era when
climate change is addressed through national pledges with no binding international arrangements.
Our
climate model exposes amplifying feedbacks in the Southern Ocean that slow Antarctic bottom water formation and increase ocean temperature
near ice shelf
grounding lines, while cooling the surface ocean and increasing sea ice cover and water column stability.
The maps above combine data from the twin satellites of the Gravity Recovery and
Climate Experiment (GRACE) with other satellite and
ground - based measurements to model the relative amount of water stored
near the surface and underground as of September 17, 2012.
«Today's pledging session, while an important start, is nowhere
near what is needed to sufficiently catalyze real movement on the
ground in developing countries to undertake the paradigm shift towards low - carbon development and
climate resilience,»...
What happens here is critical to weather and
climate, as Rudolf Geiger (1894 - 1981) recognized in his remarkable work Climate Near The Ground
climate, as Rudolf Geiger (1894 - 1981) recognized in his remarkable work
Climate Near The Ground
Climate Near The
Ground (1950).
This at a time when nearly every day another report reveals that our
climate is more susceptible to carbon dioxide than we realized, and that we should be keeping it all in the
ground to stand anywhere
near a chance.