Sentences with phrase «dna nucleotide sequences»

Zhang compared the DNA nucleotide sequence of the human version of ASPM to that of two of our great ape cousins, the chimpanzee and the orangutan, as well to more distantly related animals such as rhesus monkeys, seals, dogs, and hamsters.

Not exact matches

DNA, made up of four nucleotide molecules in a sequence, is a code that can be edited and written — not unlike software.

The kit also preserves the single - nucleotide variants (SNVs) and SNV frequencies across different sequencing technologies and allows the amplification of cell - free DNA to levels that permit sequencing.

The Human Genome Project, which sequenced the 3 billion pairs of nucleotide bases in human DNA, was a piece of cake in comparison: Epigenetic markers and patterns are different in every tissue type in the human body and also change over time.

A genome consists of only four different nucleotide bases, or DNA subunits, arranged in a particular sequence.

After gene - typing about 3,000 people, Sturm found that how OCA2 is expressed — and how much pigment a person has — is strongly linked to three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), or single letter variations, in a DNA sequence near the OCA2 gene.

But origin DNA sequences contain more A and T nucleotides than usual.

It starts with a long DNA strand — called a scaffold — that has a precise sequence of the four molecular units, or nucleotides, dubbed A, C, G, and T, with which DNA spells out its genetic code.

DNA is made of four substances — the nucleotide bases adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine — that will combine only in specific configurations and sequences.

Bustamante and Poznik obtained highly accurate sequencing results over a length of about 10 megabases of Y chromosome DNA (or 10 million nucleotides) for each of the 69 individuals.

Their trouble with language had been caused by the change of a single nucleotide of DNA — just one letter in the genetic sequence.

The blade, he found, is an enzyme that always cuts the viral DNA code where it finds a particular short sequence of nucleotides.

The 5386 nucleotides of fC became the first complete DNA to be sequenced (by Fred Sanger's laboratory in Cambridge in 1977) and Sinsheimer is justifiably proud at having put fC on the map.

A chromosome is, minimally, a very long, continuous piece of DNA, which contains many genes, regulatory elements and other intervening nucleotide sequences.

By using random series of 30 nucleotides — the building blocks of RNA and DNA — he thought he could give neurons unique barcodes, linking the barcodes across synapses, then create maps of their connections using high - throughput gene sequencing technology.

His goal was to measure how the sequence of nucleotides — the DNA building blocks of genes — differed from animal to animal.

This effort involves first generating lots of tiny, overlapping bits of DNA that must be assembled in the right order after their nucleotide sequences are determined.

Where the Neanderthal had gene variants for a larger skull, for instance, Church would use MAGE to modify the nucleotide sequences that constituted those genes in one or more of the chunks of human DNA.

The software is designed to run on the MinION, an instrument the size of a credit card that pulls in strands of DNA through its microscopic pores and reads out sequences of nucleotides, or the DNA letters A, T, C, G.

First the two researchers narrowed the possible location of the lin - 4 gene to a sequence of DNA 700 nucleotides long, about one - third the size of a typical protein - coding gene.

The third is a method implemented by Reich for reading the genetic codes of 1.2 million carefully chosen variable parts of DNA (known as single nucleotide polymorphisms) rather than having to sequence entire genomes.

During development, chromosomes are subject to chemical changes that don't affect the nucleotide sequence but can turn genes on or off; the best known example is methylation, in which a methyl group is attached to specific DNA regions.

Cloning and sequencing of complementary DNA's from normal and WHHL rabbits, shows that this defect arises from an in - frame deletion of 12 nucleotides that eliminates four amino acids from the cysteine - rich ligand binding domain of the LDL receptor.

The researchers compared the dogs» DNA, looking for sequences that differed by a single base, known as single - nucleotide polymorphisms.

They can copy only certain sequences of nucleotide bases, the building blocks that make up RNA and DNA, and those sequences don't carry out any important function inside cells.

This study further investigated the impact of nicotine use / smoking status and variation in the mu opioid receptor gene (OPRM1), specifically, an A118G single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP, or DNA sequence variation), on the effects of naltrexone on a range of drinking outcomes.

The sugar alteration shortens the link between successive nucleotides by one atom, but a TNA molecule can still match its sequence with sequences of RNA and DNA, in addition to other molecules of TNA, the authors report in the 17 November issue of Science.

In some sequences, they systematically changed purine RNA nucleotides, containing the bases adenine or guanine, into the corresponding DNA purines.

The most commonly used form of Cas9, derived from the bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes and known as SpCas9, recognizes PAM sequences in which any nucleotide is followed by two guanine DNA bases.

Working with French composer Richard Krüll, the pair turned the complete nucleotide sequences of several microbe genes into compositions based on DNA bases: A (adenosine), C (cytosine), G (guanine), and Thymine (which they have translated to «Re,» or D).

That money, most of it from federal grants through the Human Genome Project, has paid for the first rough guides to the 3 billion nucleotides in human DNA: maps studded with thousands of landmarks called «sequence tagged sites» (Science, 25 October 1996, p. 540).

Then they checked blood samples against half a million known variations in DNA sequences, or single - nucleotide polymorphisms, which recently were identified by the International HapMap Project that looked for differences in the genomes of people from many populations.

Silent mutations occur when the change of a single DNA nucleotide within a protein - coding portion of a gene does not affect the sequence of amino acids that make up the gene's protein.

Looking for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or subtle variations in the DNA sequence, they found differences in AHR2, which plays an important role in mediating toxicity in early life stages.

Much of this DNA is no longer capable of moving, but is likely «auditioning» perhaps as a regulator of gene function or in homologous recombination, which is a type of genetic recombination where the basic structural units of DNA, nucleotide sequences, are exchanged between two DNA molecules to repair breaks in the DNA strands.

In the presence of a donor DNA molecule with homology to the target region, the CRISPR system can also be used to introduce specific nucleotide modifications into a sequence of interest.

Next - gen sequencing is particularly useful for analyzing highly fragmented DNA, adds Eske Willerslev, a geneticist at the University of Copenhagen's Natural History Museum of Denmark, because it can capture the sequences of exceedingly short stretches of nucleotides.

genetic sequence A string of DNA bases, or nucleotides, that provide instructions for building molecules in a cell.

Their work arose out of a discovery in the late 1980s of neighboring bacterial DNA segments consisting of repeating nucleotide sequences, which flank short segments.

The term «single - nucleotide polymorphism» (SNP) refers to a single base change in DNA sequence between two individuals.

Delbrück's summer course on bacteriophages in 1945 at Cold Spring Harbor in New York set in motion the chain of events that led to understanding the genetic code by which the sequence of the nucleotides in DNA is translated into the sequence of amino acids in a protein.

In each case they checked tiny sites of known DNA - sequence variations — «single nucleotide polymorphisms» — that mark common gene variants.

Mostafa Ronaghi, Ph.D., Stanford Genome Technology Center, Palo Alto, Calif. $ 1.8 million (3 years) «Pyrosequencing Array for DNA Sequencing» The principal investigator of this team is an inventor of pyrosequencing, which uses unmodified nucleotides and polymerases to synthesize DNA and a firefly enzyme to generate a chemiluminescent signal.

Scott D. Collins, Ph.D., University of Maine, Orono $ 850,000 (2 years) «High - speed Nanopore Gene Sequencing» Skilled in silicon fabrication methods, this group will try to fabricate a nanopore with tiny electrodes and built - in circuits that will be used in experiments that attempt to measure differences in the electron tunneling of individual nucleotides in DNA molecules.

Steven A. Benner, Ph.D., University of Florida, Gainesville $ 800,000 (3 years) «Polymerases for Sequencing by Synthesis» This group's goal is to engineer a DNA polymerase, which is the enzyme used in cells and in laboratory experiments to synthesize new DNA molecules, that will have optimal characteristics for sequencing by synthesis with chemically - altered nuSequencing by Synthesis» This group's goal is to engineer a DNA polymerase, which is the enzyme used in cells and in laboratory experiments to synthesize new DNA molecules, that will have optimal characteristics for sequencing by synthesis with chemically - altered nusequencing by synthesis with chemically - altered nucleotides.

This is a highly parallel sequencing approach that involves synthesizing short regions of identical DNA fragments on magnetic beads, packing millions of them into a chamber and then extending each of those molecules while detecting the addition of fluorescently labeled DNA building blocks or nucleotides.

PULLMAN — Researchers at Washington State University have identified a new class of DNA sequence variation in gene promoter regions that could help control the activity of genes.The novel variations, dubbed «multiple nucleotide length polymorphisms,» or MNLPs, altered transcription of the genes they were associated with as much as 11-fold.

The researchers analyzed hundreds of human transcription factors, which are proteins that read the genetic information coded in DNA's sequence of four nucleotide bases — adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T)-- and pass that on to RNA molecules.

He and his colleagues then documented how it mutated genetic sequences in a small region of just three nucleotides, the subunits of DNA.

A single DNA sequence is formed from a chain of four nucleotide bases and if some individuals in a population do not carry the same nucleotide at a specific position in the sequence, the variation is classified as an SNP.