Also road congestion pricing schemes have been implemented in a limited number of
urban areas as a transportation
demand management tool to try to reduce traffic congestion and
air pollution.
Significant investments may be required to ensure that power generation keeps up with rising
demand associated with rising temperatures.38, 39 Finally, vulnerability to heat waves is not evenly distributed throughout
urban areas; outdoor versus indoor
air temperatures,
air quality, baseline health, and access to
air conditioning are all dependent on socioeconomic factors.29 Socioeconomic factors that tend to increase vulnerability to such hazards include race and ethnicity (being a minority), age (the elderly and children), gender (female), socioeconomic status (low income, status, or poverty), and education (low educational attainment).
These warm surfaces contribute to the build up of heat in dense
urban areas and that leads to a surplus of problems, including increasing summertime peak energy
demand,
air conditioning costs,
air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, heat - related illness and mortality.