Societal assessment of environmental threats depends upon a variety of factors including physical science - based estimates of the risk of impacts and
economic valuation of those impacts.
These millions in losses exclude
an economic valuation of the loss of water, the conservation value of the forests, or recreation amenity due to forest destruction.
Economic valuation of species and tourist satisfaction in the service of tourism with the species.
Evaluate and map the current status of key snow leopard populations and habitats to set baselines and indicators against which to assess future change, conduct
economic valuation of snow leopard habitats, and intensify scientific research and monitoring to support future policy and action.
We are refusing to comply with your warped
economic valuations of productivity in matters of infant feeding — for in GDP, money makes the world go round, not loving, milky, breasts.
Not exact matches
Today's high
valuations in a time
of tepid
economic growth are particularly vexing for professional investors constrained by certain rules, says James Harper, a portfolio manager for the Templeton Global Balanced Fund.
While these factors may drive a further moderate increase in
valuations, our guess is that the majority
of the re-rating is now behind us, absent a more material improvement in the
economic landscape than we currently forecast.
What the analysts and economists have done is confuse the former for the latter in seeing the relentless upward march
of asset
valuations as a sign
of «
economic recovery.»
She has been a regular contributor to Fortune since April 2010 and is the author
of two books on corporate governance and
valuation,
Economic Value Management: Applications and Techniques and Value - led Organizations.
«Dirty» or structured term sheets are proposed investments where the majority
of the
economic gains for the investor come not from the headline
valuation, but rather through a series
of dirty terms that are hidden deeper in the document.
In itself, it seems fairly clear, at least to me, that the current account surplus indicates that the RMB is undervalued on a fundamental basis, and that the balance
of payments deficit is caused primarily by speculative outflows, or other kinds
of outflows that are not sensitive to
economic valuation issues.
At its current
valuation of ~ $ 67 / share, HLF has a price to
economic book value ratio (price - to - EBV)
of 1.2 That ratio means that the market expects only 20 % growth in NOPAT for the remainder
of HLF's existence.
Instead, investors still have to contend with a slew
of other issues — geopolitical,
economic and
valuation — that could drown out what should be an otherwise robust time for the corporate bottom line.
Looking forward, these sorts
of abrupt swings in financial markets are likely to continue, amid sluggish
economic growth, rising interest rates, high
valuations and geopolitical uncertainties.
The
economic earnings margin explains 67 %
of the difference in
valuations between stocks in the S&P 500.
Our long - term forecasts are based on our assessment
of current
valuation measures,
economic growth and inflation prospects, as well as historical risk premiums.
«On the other hand, using the same essential measures
of valuation and market action, but including periods
of major
economic dislocation into the dataset, produces average return / risk inferences that are substantially less favorable.
At present,
valuations are elevated, market action is relatively neutral with a deteriorating bias, and a variety
of additional considerations suggest the potential for a combination
of inflation,
economic weakness and credit defaults.
So, when you are looking at relative
valuations, always compare like - for - like and look at
valuations of stocks that operate in the same
economic sector.
The PRC sets ranges for the balanced asset mix and makes tactical adjustments based on bottom - up forecasted returns, relative
valuations and an assessment
of economic and market data.
Figure 1 shows that the difference between return on invested capital (ROIC) and weighted average cost
of capital (WACC), also known as the
economic earnings margin, explains 67 %
of the changes in
valuations between stocks in the S&P 500 [1].
Even if Southwest were to never again grow profits from current levels, the
economic book value, or no growth value
of the firm is $ 52 / share — a 33 % upside from current
valuation.
In some cases, a lower
valuation with lower preferred share rights may yield a higher
economic outcome for common shareholders than a higher
valuation with a high level
of preferred share rights.
With U.S. consumer discretionary companies outperforming year - to - date, this sector may be vulnerable if sales do not start to accelerate, particularly as the sector sports the second highest
valuation of any
of the 10
economic sectors.
The
economic gains and market returns that emerged during the Reagan Administration began from a starting point
of 10.8 % unemployment, a current account surplus, and market
valuations that - on the most historically reliable measures - were less than one - quarter
of present levels.
With the S&P 500 within about 8 %
of its highest level in history, with historically reliable
valuation measures at obscene levels, implying near - zero 10 - 12 year S&P 500 nominal total returns; with an extended period
of extreme overvalued, overbought, overbullish conditions replaced by deterioration in market internals that signal a clear shift toward risk - aversion among investors; with credit spreads on low - grade debt blowing out to multi-year highs; and with leading
economic measures deteriorating rapidly, we continue to classify market conditions within the most hostile return / risk profile we identify — a classification that has been observed in only about 9 %
of history.
At its current
valuation of ~ $ 7 / share, OCLR has a price to
economic book value (PEBV)
of just 0.7, which implies that the market expects OCLR's after - tax operating profit (NOPAT) to permanently decline by 30 %.
Likewise, investors might have believed that the extraordinarily elevated market
valuations of 1929 and 2000 were «justified» by the recent
economic prosperity, but that did nothing to prevent the market collapses that completed those cycles, with over a decade
of negative total returns for the S&P 500 in both cases.
In order to find value, it's time to get back to the basics
of reading footnotes and focusing on
economic earnings and return on invested capital (ROIC), the true drivers
of valuation.
Economic Value Management has been selected as a Featured Book Recommendation or «Recommended Read» by numerous publications including, among others, Harvard Business School's HBS Working Knowledge, CEO Refresher, Directors Monthly, Global CEO, The Corporate Board, The Institute
of Chartered Accountants in Australia,
Valuation Issues, On Philanthropy, Accounting Today, Cost Management, and The Journal
of Accounting and Finance.
Estimates
of prospective long - term returns for the S&P 500 reflect our standard
valuation methodology, focusing on the relationship between current market prices and earnings, dividends and other fundamentals, adjusted for variability over the economic cycle (see for example Investment, Speculation, Valuation, and Tinker Bell, The Likely Range of Market Returns in the Coming Decade and Valuing the S&P 500 Using Forward Operating E
valuation methodology, focusing on the relationship between current market prices and earnings, dividends and other fundamentals, adjusted for variability over the
economic cycle (see for example Investment, Speculation,
Valuation, and Tinker Bell, The Likely Range of Market Returns in the Coming Decade and Valuing the S&P 500 Using Forward Operating E
Valuation, and Tinker Bell, The Likely Range
of Market Returns in the Coming Decade and Valuing the S&P 500 Using Forward Operating Earnings).
Given the absence
of a public trading market
of our common stock, and in accordance with the American Institute
of Certified Public Accountants Accounting and
Valuation Guide,
Valuation of Privately - Held Company Equity Securities Issued as Compensation, our board
of directors exercised reasonable judgment and considered numerous and subjective factors to determine the best estimate
of fair value
of our common stock, including independent third - party
valuations of our common stock; the prices at which we sold shares
of our convertible preferred stock to outside investors in arms - length transactions; the rights, preferences, and privileges
of our convertible preferred stock relative to those
of our common stock; our operating results, financial position, and capital resources; current business conditions and projections; the lack
of marketability
of our common stock; the hiring
of key personnel and the experience
of our management; the introduction
of new products; our stage
of development and material risks related to our business; the fact that the option grants involve illiquid securities in a private company; the likelihood
of achieving a liquidity event, such as an initial public offering or a sale
of our company given the prevailing market conditions and the nature and history
of our business; industry trends and competitive environment; trends in consumer spending, including consumer confidence; and overall
economic indicators, including gross domestic product, employment, inflation and interest rates, and the general
economic outlook.
The favorable market performance associated with many historical
economic expansions is fully accounted for by 1) favorable post-recession
valuations, with the S&P 500 averaging less than 9 times prior peak earnings at the recession low, expanding to just over 11 times peak earnings in the first year
of the bull market, and 2) favorable trend uniformity, which typically emerges almost immediately in the form
of a powerful breadth thrust off
of a bear market low, and is confirmed within a few weeks by much broader trend uniformity.
Barring further breakdowns by other market internals, a further advance in the major indices
of roughly 5 % would be enough to override other divergences in the trend picture, and that would shift us to a constructive position (up to about 40 % unhedged) regardless
of valuations or
economic conditions.
The freewheeling nature
of cryptocurrency
valuation appears to be what has inspired Maduro to seek out this solution to his country's growing
economic woes.
Long term, secular market advances tend to originate from conditions
of excellent
valuation and surmountable
economic headwinds.
At its current
valuation of ~ $ 500 / share, AZO stands out with a price to
economic book value ratio
of only 1, which implies that the company will never grow NOPAT from its current level.
Not only were
valuations getting pretty close to fair value on the Rule
of 20 scale (19.2 in 04» 10, 18.7 in 04 ’11 and 17.3 in 03» 12, the latter admittedly more reasonable), but
economic momentum stalled, leading to a soft patch and rising investor concerns, aggravated by political chaos in Europe and the U.S.
There is no change in the
economic outlook and there fore no need to panic and sell my stocks because
of valuation.
As usual, I don't place too much emphasis on this sort
of forecast, but to the extent that I make any comments at all about the outlook for 2006, the bottom line is this: 1) we can't rule out modest potential for stock appreciation, which would require the maintenance or expansion
of already high price / peak earnings multiples; 2) we also should recognize an uncomfortably large potential for market losses, particularly given that the current bull market has now outlived the median and average bull, yet at higher
valuations than most bulls have achieved, a flat yield curve with rising interest rate pressures, an extended period
of internal divergence as measured by breadth and other market action, and complacency at best and excessive bullishness at worst, as measured by various sentiment indicators; 3) there is a moderate but still not compelling risk
of an oncoming recession, which would become more
of a factor if we observe a substantial widening
of credit spreads and weakness in the ISM Purchasing Managers Index in the months ahead, and; 4) there remains substantial potential for U.S. dollar weakness coupled with «unexpectedly» persistent inflation pressures, particularly if we do observe
economic weakness.
Our measures
of market action are still broadly unfavorable, and allowing even the mildest adjustment for profit margins and the position
of earnings in the
economic cycle,
valuations remain rich.
Though we don't see that evidence yet, and continued
economic and
valuation risks are likely to keep us hedged with put option coverage in any event, it's possible that we could cover a portion
of our short call option hedges if we do see some firming
of internals.
There's a tremendous amount
of financial anxiety in various global markets, whether it's
economic issues with regard to trade or deficits, or concerns regarding foreign exchange policies and
valuations.
My firm, 720 Global, has repeatedly urged caution as
valuations are currently stretched on the back
of reckless Federal Reserve monetary policy and poor
economic fundamentals.
Owing to the
economic strength
of the late 1990's, the least extreme
valuation measures were based on earnings.
And with corporate profits still well below their previous peaks and
valuations as
of November 2017 looking fair given the more promising
economic environment, European equities look to us to be potentially poised for another solid year in 2018.
Marcum LLP is a leading provider
of business
valuation, litigation support,
economic damages, and financial forensic investigations.
In any case, investors should keep in mind that the stock market's reaction to Fed cuts has historically been dependent on other conditions such as
valuations,
economic expectations and the slope
of the yield curve.
Indeed, because the level
of interest rates at any point in time is highly correlated with the level
of nominal
economic growth over the preceding decade, the relationship between starting
valuations and actual subsequent S&P 500 nominal total returns is nearly independent
of interest rates.
Nevertheless, three sources
of policy concerns —
economic conditions in China, dollar
valuation and prices
of oil, have largely stabilized in recent weeks.