This paper reviews current research on the mixed ancestry experience and proposes a mixed ancestry racial / ethnic identity development model that incorporates Rockquemore and Brunsma's (2002) work on mixed ancestry identity types, Cross and Fhagen - Smith's (1996, 2001) life - span model of Black identity development, Cross's (1991) Nigrescence theory, Phinney's (1989) Ethnic Identity Development Model and Erikson's (1968) and Marcia's (1980) work on
ego identity development.
[30] When comparing such children to the children of opposite - sex parents there tends to be no difference «on measures of popularity, social adjustment, gender role behavior, gender
identity, intelligence, self - concept, emotional problems, interest in marriage and parenting, locus of control, moral
development, independence,
ego functions, object relations, or self esteem.»