Estimated changes in the mass of Greenland's ice sheet suggest it is melting at a rate of about 239 cubic kilometres (57.3 cubic miles) per year.
A method of dealing with the lack of mass balance measurements is to
estimate the changes in mass balance as a function of climate, using mass balance sensitivities (see Box 11.2 for definition) and observed or modelled climate change for glacier covered regions.
Not exact matches
Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those reflected
in such forward - looking statements and that should be considered
in evaluating our outlook include, but are not limited to, the following: 1) our ability to continue to grow our business and execute our growth strategy, including the timing, execution, and profitability of new and maturing programs; 2) our ability to perform our obligations under our new and maturing commercial, business aircraft, and military development programs, and the related recurring production; 3) our ability to accurately
estimate and manage performance, cost, and revenue under our contracts, including our ability to achieve certain cost reductions with respect to the B787 program; 4) margin pressures and the potential for additional forward losses on new and maturing programs; 5) our ability to accommodate, and the cost of accommodating, announced increases
in the build rates of certain aircraft; 6) the effect on aircraft demand and build rates of
changing customer preferences for business aircraft, including the effect of global economic conditions on the business aircraft market and expanding conflicts or political unrest
in the Middle East or Asia; 7) customer cancellations or deferrals as a result of global economic uncertainty or otherwise; 8) the effect of economic conditions
in the industries and markets
in which we operate
in the U.S. and globally and any
changes therein, including fluctuations
in foreign currency exchange rates; 9) the success and timely execution of key milestones such as the receipt of necessary regulatory approvals, including our ability to obtain
in a timely fashion any required regulatory or other third party approvals for the consummation of our announced acquisition of Asco, and customer adherence to their announced schedules; 10) our ability to successfully negotiate, or re-negotiate, future pricing under our supply agreements with Boeing and our other customers; 11) our ability to enter into profitable supply arrangements with additional customers; 12) the ability of all parties to satisfy their performance requirements under existing supply contracts with our two major customers, Boeing and Airbus, and other customers, and the risk of nonpayment by such customers; 13) any adverse impact on Boeing's and Airbus» production of aircraft resulting from cancellations, deferrals, or reduced orders by their customers or from labor disputes, domestic or international hostilities, or acts of terrorism; 14) any adverse impact on the demand for air travel or our operations from the outbreak of diseases or epidemic or pandemic outbreaks; 15) our ability to avoid or recover from cyber-based or other security attacks, information technology failures, or other disruptions; 16) returns on pension plan assets and the impact of future discount rate
changes on pension obligations; 17) our ability to borrow additional funds or refinance debt, including our ability to obtain the debt to finance the purchase price for our announced acquisition of Asco on favorable terms or at all; 18) competition from commercial aerospace original equipment manufacturers and other aerostructures suppliers; 19) the effect of governmental laws, such as U.S. export control laws and U.S. and foreign anti-bribery laws such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the United Kingdom Bribery Act, and environmental laws and agency regulations, both
in the U.S. and abroad; 20) the effect of
changes in tax law, such as the effect of The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the «TCJA») that was enacted on December 22, 2017, and
changes to the interpretations of or guidance related thereto, and the Company's ability to accurately calculate and
estimate the effect of such
changes; 21) any reduction
in our credit ratings; 22) our dependence on our suppliers, as well as the cost and availability of raw materials and purchased components; 23) our ability to recruit and retain a critical
mass of highly - skilled employees and our relationships with the unions representing many of our employees; 24) spending by the U.S. and other governments on defense; 25) the possibility that our cash flows and our credit facility may not be adequate for our additional capital needs or for payment of interest on, and principal of, our indebtedness; 26) our exposure under our revolving credit facility to higher interest payments should interest rates increase substantially; 27) the effectiveness of any interest rate hedging programs; 28) the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting; 29) the outcome or impact of ongoing or future litigation, claims, and regulatory actions; 30) exposure to potential product liability and warranty claims; 31) our ability to effectively assess, manage and integrate acquisitions that we pursue, including our ability to successfully integrate the Asco business and generate synergies and other cost savings; 32) our ability to consummate our announced acquisition of Asco
in a timely matter while avoiding any unexpected costs, charges, expenses, adverse
changes to business relationships and other business disruptions for ourselves and Asco as a result of the acquisition; 33) our ability to continue selling certain receivables through our supplier financing program; 34) the risks of doing business internationally, including fluctuations
in foreign current exchange rates, impositions of tariffs or embargoes, compliance with foreign laws, and domestic and foreign government policies; and 35) our ability to complete the proposed accelerated stock repurchase plan, among other things.
The lower levels of baseline sugar sweetened drink consumption
in the UK compared with the US may
in part explain why the effect on obesity that we
estimate in the UK is much less than that
estimated in the US.12 The differences with respect to other modelling studies may also be partly explained by their use of higher own price elasticity values for sugar sweetened drinks than we have calculated and used here.18 22 52 We can not make direct comparisons between the results of our study and the results of recent studies of the effect of reducing sugar sweetened drink consumption on body weight
in children, 5 7 as the relation between energy balance and
change in body
mass index
in children who are growing is different from that
in adults.
An interdisciplinary research team at The Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles has found that body
mass index (BMI) is an inadequate method for
estimating changes in body fat and obesity
in children with leukemia.
Previous
estimates of pulsar ages have assumed that all pulsars are born spinning much faster than we see them now, that the physical characteristics of the pulsar such as its
mass and magnetic - field strength do not
change with time, and that the slowdown rate can be
estimated by applying the physics of a magnet spinning
in a vacuum.
Rates of sea - level rise calculated from tide gauge data tend to exceed bottom - up
estimates derived from summing loss of ice
mass, thermal expansion and
changes in land storage.
That
estimate was based
in part on the fact that sea level is now rising 3.2 mm / yr (3.2 m / millennium)[57], an order of magnitude faster than the rate during the prior several thousand years, with rapid
change of ice sheet
mass balance over the past few decades [23] and Greenland and Antarctica now losing
mass at accelerating rates [23]--[24].
Postscript: A grouping of 40 + scientists, including four of our Nature co-authors, participated
in the NASA / ESA Ice Sheet
Mass Balance Intercomparison project (IMBIE)
in an attempt to understand the reasons for previously disparate ice
mass change estimates.
Most of the co-authors on our paper were also involved
in a much larger study using all three techniques, with results reported
in Science (Shepherd et al., 2012)
in entirely
in agreement with our
estimate of Antarctic
mass change.
The
mass change estimate for Antarctica is entirely
in agreement with ours for a similar period.
The ice
mass loss observed
in this research was a
change from the trend of losing 113 ± 17 gigatons per year during the 1990s, but was smaller than some other recent
estimates (Luthcke et al. 2006).
«Models traditionally have projected that this difference doesn't become negative (i.e. net loss of Antarctic ice sheet
mass) for several decades,» Mann said, adding that detailed gravimetric measurements, which looks at
changes in Earth's gravity over spots to
estimate, among other things, ice
mass.
Both the observations of
mass balance and the
estimates based on temperature
changes (Table 11.4) indicate a reduction of
mass of glaciers and ice caps
in the recent past, giving a contribution to global - average sea level of 0.2 to 0.4 mm / yr over the last hundred years.
That
estimate was based
in part on the fact that sea level is now rising 3.2 mm / yr (3.2 m / millennium)[57], an order of magnitude faster than the rate during the prior several thousand years, with rapid
change of ice sheet
mass balance over the past few decades [23] and Greenland and Antarctica now losing
mass at accelerating rates [23]--[24].
At current emissions trends, average pH of the oceans would drop from about 8.1 (current levels) to at least 7.9
in about 100 years (NRC, 2011a).22 A similar
change occurred over the 200,000 years leading up to the end - Permian
mass extinction, which resulted
in loss of an
estimated ~ 90 percent or more of known species (Chen and Benton, 2012; Knoll et al., 2007).
''... report that «most trends exhibited no clear precipitation
change,» noting that «global
changes in precipitation over the Earth's land
mass excluding Antarctica relative to 1961 - 90 were
estimated to be: -1.2 ± 1.7, 2.6 ± 2.5 and -5.4 ± 8.1 percent per century for the periods 1850 - 2000, 1900 - 2000 and 1950 - 2000, respectively.»
Estimates of the decadal variability in ice sheet mass loss (11) suggest the impact on acceleration estimates is ∼ 0.014 mm / y2 for a 25 - y time series, in the absence of rapid dynamical changes in the ic
Estimates of the decadal variability
in ice sheet
mass loss (11) suggest the impact on acceleration
estimates is ∼ 0.014 mm / y2 for a 25 - y time series, in the absence of rapid dynamical changes in the ic
estimates is ∼ 0.014 mm / y2 for a 25 - y time series,
in the absence of rapid dynamical
changes in the ice sheets.