Because the
future composition of shrub lands and the
distribution of shrub species in the Sierra Nevada is unknown, the researchers examined stream flows under multiple possible scenarios of
vegetation - type conversion in two Sierra Nevada watersheds.
-- 7) Forest models for Montana that account for changes in both climate and resulting
vegetation distribution and patterns; 8) Models that account for interactions and feedbacks in climate - related impacts to forests (e.g., changes in mortality from both direct increases in warming and increased fire risk as a result of warming); 9) Systems thinking and modeling regarding climate effects on understory
vegetation and interactions with forest trees; 10) Discussion of climate effects on urban forests and impacts to cityscapes and livability; 11) Monitoring and time - series data to inform adaptive management efforts (i.e., to determine outcome of a management action and, based on that outcome, chart
future course of action); 12) Detailed decision support systems to provide guidance for managing for adaptation.