Sentences with phrase «hemisphere annual mean»

As a concrete example, the chapter focuses on the Northern Hemisphere annual mean surface temperature reconstructed from annually resolved proxies such as tree rings.

The Mann et al reconstruction has the same amplitude increase as the full Northern Hemisphere annual mean instrumental record over the calibration interval (1900 - 1980).

Not exact matches

August falls in the southern hemisphere's winter, meaning that the games are expected to take place during the annual low point for mosquitoes in Brazil.

For the change in annual mean surface air temperature in the various cases, the model experiments show the familiar pattern documented in the SAR with a maximum warming in the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere and a minimum in the Southern Ocean (due to ocean heat uptake)(2)

Thus, the temperature dataset used by Courtillot is definitely not Tglobe, does not represent the full hemisphere, and moreover is not even an annual mean.

It predicts an annual global mean first indirect forcing of -1.5 W m - 2 from an anthropogenic sulfate burden of 0.59 Tg S. Most of the cooling occurs in norhtern hemisphere (NH), where most anthropogenic sources of aerosol are located.

In those tables, DJF, the Northern Hemisphere Winter mean, uses the December of the previous year, and so does metANN, the «meteorological annual mean», i.e., the mean over the four seasons (Dec - Nov mean).

You are stating if these temps are known, we can then know the mean temperature for the northern hemisphere on an annual or decadal basis.

Global solar irradiance reconstruction [48 — 50] and ice - core based sulfate (SO4) influx in the Northern Hemisphere [51] from volcanic activity (a); mean annual temperature (MAT) reconstructions for the Northern Hemisphere [52], North America [29], and the American Southwest * expressed as anomalies based on 1961 — 1990 temperature averages (b); changes in ENSO - related variability based on El Junco diatom record [41], oxygen isotopes records from Palmyra [42], and the unified ENSO proxy [UEP; 23](c); changes in PDSI variability for the American Southwest (d), and changes in winter precipitation variability as simulated by CESM model ensembles 2 to 5 [43].

All of these characteristics (except for the ocean temperature) have been used in SAR and TAR IPCC (Houghton et al. 1996; 2001) reports for model - data inter-comparison: we considered as tolerable the following intervals for the annual means of the following climate characteristics which encompass corresponding empirical estimates: global SAT 13.1 — 14.1 °C (Jones et al. 1999); area of sea ice in the Northern Hemisphere 6 — 14 mil km2 and in the Southern Hemisphere 6 — 18 mil km2 (Cavalieri et al. 2003); total precipitation rate 2.45 — 3.05 mm / day (Legates 1995); maximum Atlantic northward heat transport 0.5 — 1.5 PW (Ganachaud and Wunsch 2003); maximum of North Atlantic meridional overturning stream function 15 — 25 Sv (Talley et al. 2003), volume averaged ocean temperature 3 — 5 °C (Levitus 1982).

A significant annual - mean cooling of the lower stratosphere over the past two decades (of approximately 0.6 K per decade) has been found over the mid-latitudes of both hemispheres.»

The spatial distribution of the forcings is similar in the studies showing strongest radiative forcings over industrial regions of the Northern Hemisphere although the ratio of the annual mean Northern Hemisphere / Southern Hemisphere radiative forcing varies from 2.0 (Graf et al., 1997) to 6.9 (Myhre et al., 1998c)(see Section 6.14.2 for further details).

Hoyt and Schatten (1993, Fig. 10) showed that their multi-proxy TSI model is highly correlated with an annual mean northern hemisphere temperature variation reconstruction since 1700.

Despite substantial differences in performance between individual models, the CMIP3 1 and CMIP5 multi-model mean annual cycles of sea ice extent in both hemispheres agree reasonably well with observations.

Northern Hemisphere snow cover observed by satellite over the 1966 to 2005 period decreased in every month except November and December, with a stepwise drop of 5 % in the annual mean in the late 1980s (see Figure TS.12).

Conclusion There is no indication of any change in snow coverage in the northern hemisphere on either a winter, annual or spring / autumn basis and that any effects suggested should be assigned to random variation about a stable mean.

For the change in annual mean surface air temperature in the various cases, the model experiments show the familiar pattern documented in the SAR with a maximum warming in the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere and a minimum in the Southern Ocean (due to ocean heat uptake) evident in the zonal mean for the CMIP2 models (Figure 9.8) and the geographical patterns for all categories of models (Figure 9.10).