Climate forcing in the LGM equilibrium state, relative to the Holocene, due to the slow feedback ice age surface properties, i.e., increased ice area, different vegetation distribution, and continental shelf exposure, was -3.5 ± 1 W / m2 (10).
The ice sheets exhibited unstable behavior, modulated by orbital cycles, so how close was the climate system during the LGM to its equilibriumstate on the manifold?
Problem # 2: Was the climate system in a sufficiently equilibrated state during the LGM (or in any prior glacial or interglacial period) to define the four - dimensional equilibrium manifold uniquely?