Sentences with phrase «land average using»

2) Influence of Urban Heating on the Global Temperature Land Average Using Rural Sites Identified from MODIS Classifications Charlotte Wickham1, Judith Curry2, Don Groom3, Robert Jacobsen3, 4, Richard Muller3, 4, Saul Perlmutter3, 4, Robert Rohde5, Arthur Rosenfeld3, Jonathan Wurtele3, 4

It was authored by Charlotte Wickham, Judith Curry, Don Groom, Robert Jacobsen, Richard Muller, Saul Perlmutter, Robert Rohde, Arthur Rosenfeld, and Jonathan Wurtele and is titled Influence of Urban Heating on the Global Temperature Land Average Using Rural Sites Identified from MODIS Classifications.

Not exact matches

Now, with the legislation signed, the tax exemption will be based on the average size of the farming parcel and not the specific assessment on land already being used.

Because organic agriculture produces on average only half the yield of crops per unit of land as conventional farming, any mass conversion to organic would end up using much more land.

Raising beef uses 28 times more land, 11 times more water and six times more fertilizer than the average expenditures for other livestock.

Average conversion efficiency 20 %, land use 50 %.

For example, a study by Vasilis Fthenakis and Hung Chul Kim of Columbia University (2009) found that, on a life - cycle electricity - output basis — including direct and indirect land transformation — utility - scale PV in the U.S. Southwest requires less land than the average U.S. power plant using surface - mined coal.

A number of recent studies indicate that effects of urbanisation and land use change on the land - based temperature record are negligible (0.006 ºC per decade) as far as hemispheric - and continental - scale averages are concerned because the very real but local effects are avoided or accounted for in the data sets used.

Globally, extremely warm nights that used to come once in 20 years now occur every 10 years.12 And extremely hot summers, those more than three standard deviations above the historic average, are now observed in about 10 % of the global land area, compared to 0.1 - 0.2 % for the period 1951 - 1980.13

Although sustainability guidelines are unlikely to be included in the final version of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, the Advisory Committee included the following statement in their initial report: «Consistent evidence indicates that, in general, a dietary pattern that is higher in plant - based foods, such as vegetables, fruits, whole grains, legumes, nuts and seeds, and lower in animal - based foods is more health promoting and is associated with lesser environmental impact (greenhouse gas emissions and energy, land, and water use) than is the current average U.S. diet.

Notes from Characteristics of the UK includes population density, average rainfall and land use.

The timeline is planned and designed using a close reading of «Fractured Lands,» and is used to start a discussion of how these events coincide with what the average American was concerned with at the same time as critical events in the Middle East.

The good thing about using a plug - in hybrid setup is improved fuel efficiency, and Land Rover claims the Range Rover Sport P400e averages just 2.8 l / 100 km (101 mpg UK), with corresponding CO2 emissions of only 64 g / km.

The highest rated dealer in your area with a used 2018 Toyota Land Cruiser for sale is Family Toyota Burleson, with an average user dealer rating of 3 and 162 used 2018 Toyota Land Cruiser's in stock for sale.

The highest rated dealer in your area with a used Toyota Land Cruiser for sale is Courtesy Ford Lincoln, with an average user rating of 4.333 and 96 used Toyota Land Cruiser's in stock.

The highest rated dealer in your area with a used 2011 Toyota Land Cruiser for sale is Hanlees Hilltop Toyota, with an average user dealer rating of 5 and 56 used 2011 Toyota Land Cruiser's in stock for sale.

The highest rated dealer in your area with a used BMW 3 Series for sale is Land Rover Manhattan, with an average user rating of 5 and 5 used BMW 3 Series's in stock.

The highest rated dealer in your area with a used 2014 Jeep Wrangler for sale is Land Rover Jaguar Houston Central, with an average user dealer rating of 5 and 48 used 2014 Jeep Wrangler's in stock for sale.

The highest rated dealer in your area with a used Toyota Land Cruiser for sale is Hilltop Buick GMC, with an average user rating of 5 and 66 used Toyota Land Cruiser's in stock.

The highest rated dealer in your area with a used Toyota Land Cruiser for sale is Fresno Lexus, with an average user rating of and 27 used Toyota Land Cruiser's in stock.

The highest rated dealer in your area with a used Toyota Highlander for sale is Jaguar Land Rover Houston Central, with an average user rating of 5 and 49 used Toyota Highlander's in stock.

I don't know about an average across all of writer - land, but yes, I typically use between 3 - 5 readers for each project.

On average, closing costs for a land loan are around $ 2,000 but can vary greatly depending on whether you need a survey and appraisal, and which title company you use to close and its associated fees.

Using the average $ 27,000 dollars for a car loan and a 60 - month loan, a score of 524 could land you an average APR of upwards of nearly 16 % and an interest over the life of loan of nearly $ 12,000 extra dollars!

Detailed data on commute times, current average sale prices, living space and lot sizes — including a tricky calculation to tell us how much of a home's value is currently locked into the land itself — were divided into layers spreading out from each downtown centre (we used City Hall to keep things consistent).

Using 21 variables, including the pet - friendliness of the rental market; average home size; preponderance of single - family detached homes (in other words, housing likely to have a yard for the dog); the cost per capita of veterinary care; local animal protection laws; and the availability of dog parks and other outdoor spaces and, of course, the number of pet - friendly restaurants, NYC landed near the bottom of the top 100.

Ray, I think Lee Grable's point is important: The fact that we use the term «global temperature» to mean the average temperature on a two - dimensional surface rather than the three - dimensional ocean plus land plus atmosphere system of the earth has the potential to allow confusion.

After that it's just a matter of applying the strong law of large numbers to the partition function, integrating over the allowed linear changes in terrestrial land use, and calculating the average rate of convergence of the continuous time martingale.

I also used my implementation to break up a quick land response from a slow ocean response to see if the change in sign of the derived temperature derivative coming at a place where it is not intersecting the instantaneous temperature might be explained by the derived temperature being an average.

My amateur spreadsheet tracking and projecting the monthly NASA GISS values suggests that while 2018 and 2019 are likely to be cooler than 2017, they may also be the last years on Earth with global average land and ocean surface temperature anomaly below 1C above pre-industrial average (using 1850 - 1900 proxy).

So we are left with little sense of how much some «average» macrovariables like albedo, vary day to day and hour by hour as clouds come and go and land use and natural cover vary

If one takes the MBH98 / 99 reconstruction as base, the variation in the pre-industrial period was ~ 0.2 K, of which less than 0.1 K (in average) from volcanic eruptions, the rest mostly from solar (I doubt that land use changes had much influence on global temperatures).

If you do the same for 31 year averages, 32 year averages, 33 year averages, etc., on on through at least 70 year averages, you continue to find an indisputable trend of climate warming — even if you dismiss the land data as flawed because of the use of daily extremes rather than a more robust indication of the daily mean.

At RMI we agree that any serious freight strategy needs to have a big picture, integrative perspective that includes smart land - use and development as well as efficient rail, truck, and shipping transport.Compared to trucking, rail transit does sport higher efficiency numbers - today's average train has an efficiency of 400 ton - miles per gallon whereas trucks currently hover around 130 ton - miles per gallon.

To add to the confusion, «about 90 percent of the land - based data now being used to construct global averages are sampled in cities,» contaminating readings with an «urban heat island» effect.

This expansion wasn't connected to changes in average temperature, sea level rise, rain or land use.

The challenge will be settled using the NASA GISS mean global land surface temperatures for the conventional climate averaging period (defined by the World Meteorological Organization as 30 years) ending on December 31, 2016.

Using GISTemp Land / Ocean Index values and Niño 3.4 values, I computed 12 - month running averages of Niño 3.4 and compared them to the average GISTemp values at lags of 0, 3, and 6 months.

A ProPublica investigation into oil and gas money received by members of the Natural Gas caucus found that they received 19 times more money on average than members of Congress who signed a letter in support of a proposal to require fracking companies to disclose the chemicals they use when drilling on public lands.

The fact is that if we can't greatly reduce fossil fuel use by the 2030 - 2040 range, by 2075 be will see a global average temperature rise of 3.5 to 4.0 degrees Celsius, which is also just about the time frame for world phosphate supplies to enter critical shortages that will eventually cut crop yields in half and require twice as much land and water to grow the same yield as previously.

From 2001 to 2010, land - use carbon emissions from palm oil in Indonesia averaged 216 to 268 million tons — that's equivalent to the emissions from 45 to 55 million cars, 56 to 70 coal - fired power plants, or the annual energy use from 20 to 25 million homes.

Land - use changes, such as deforestation and fires, comprised 11 % of total emissions in 2017, marginally down from the 13 % average over the past decade.

Figure 1: The decadal land - surface average temperature using a 10 - year moving average of surface temperatures over land.

There is a major question in my mind of the wisdom of using a «global» surface temperature to begin with and a «global» surface temperature based on a SST which is more related to Tmin averaged with a land based «Surface» temperature that is based on T Ave.. So instead of blindly quoting nonsense, I actually try to verify using all the data that is available.

The metric used by IPCC in all its reports for past and projected future «global warming» has been the «globally and annually averaged land and sea surface temperature anomaly» (as reported by HadCRUT3).

Worldwide, from 1980 to 2009, floods caused more than 500,000 deaths and affected more than 2.8 billion people.18 In the United States, floods caused 4,586 deaths from 1959 to 200519 while property and crop damage averaged nearly 8 billion dollars per year (in 2011 dollars) over 1981 through 2011.17 The risks from future floods are significant, given expanded development in coastal areas and floodplains, unabated urbanization, land - use changes, and human - induced climate change.18

C. warmer than it was with respect to the start of the industrial revolution, I believe that it would be necessary to use actual average global land - ocean surface temperature data (which would be imperfectly known that far back).

Virgin land would have an average heat capacity of roughly 2 kJ / liter which can decrease to ~ 0.8 kJ / liter with land use or «drying».

Based on CERES - EBAF data calibrated to Argo OHC up to July the 2008 - 2017 average TOA imbalance is going to be about 0.9 W / m2, Berkeley Earth Land + Ocean global average about 1.01 K difference from 1860 - 1879, forcing updated using NOAA AGGI to about 2.3 W / m2.

The reason they give for using anomalies relates to spatial averaging generally; they use land examples as being more familiar.