So how much of the observed differences between the Earth and
Lunar surface temperatures are explained by the different speeds of rotation, how much by the absence / presence of an atmosphere, and how much by the many other differences between the Earth and the Moon?
The NASA Lunar Diviner probe has made multiple empirical measurements of the Moons complete surface and shows the mean
Lunar surface temperature to be 197K.
There's a NASA article on modeling
lunar surface temperature that uses a surface diffusion model on line somewhere.
Not exact matches
They combined data from LEND with
lunar topography and illumination maps derived from LRO's LOLA instrument (Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter), and temperature maps from LRO's Diviner instrument (Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment) to discover the greater hydrogen abundance and associated surface conditions on
lunar topography and illumination maps derived from LRO's LOLA instrument (
Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter), and temperature maps from LRO's Diviner instrument (Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment) to discover the greater hydrogen abundance and associated surface conditions on
Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter), and
temperature maps from LRO's Diviner instrument (Diviner
Lunar Radiometer Experiment) to discover the greater hydrogen abundance and associated surface conditions on
Lunar Radiometer Experiment) to discover the greater hydrogen abundance and associated
surface conditions on PFS.
The
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO), circling the moon at an altitude of 31 miles, recently sent back the first global
temperature maps of the
surface (at right).
The polar regions are where we can find frozen H2O and frozen volatile gases, solar power 24/7 for 80 % or more of a
Lunar month, moderate non-crater
surface temperatures that usually stay close to around a -55 degrees Centigrade, and a whole lot more.
[9] Any intact lava tube on the Moon could serve as a shelter from the severe environment of the
lunar surface, with its frequent meteorite impacts, high - energy ultraviolet radiation and energetic particles, and extreme diurnal
temperature variations.
And that limit is around the
temperature of
lunar surface in daylight with sun at zenith.
So
temperature of
lunar surface during day is the sun
temperature if the sun diameter increased to Earth / Moon distance but was also emitting the same total energy as the current sun does at it's much smaller diameter.
One could say that the
lunar surface of around 120 C during the
lunar day is close to the Sun's
temperature at Earth / Moon distance.
On the Moon, the effective buffering depth is ~ 1m, which for comparison gives about a tenth of the buffering capacity of the Earth's atmosphere, while the sol is of course ~ 29 times as long, so the
temperature swing of the
lunar surface is much greater, reaching ~ 120C during the
lunar day.
This implies that the mean
temperature of the entire
lunar surface is 193 - 194 K, a long way below the 271 K given by the use of the Stefan - Boltzmann equation (assuming albedo 0.11 and emissivity 1).
However, the Diviner mission has established that at the
lunar equator, the warmest part of the
surface, the mean
temperature is just 206 K.
Those numbers are meaningless as the average
temperature of the
surface of the Moon is between 80 °C on the lit face and -200 °C on the dark face and averaged over a
lunar day it's 98 K at the poles and 206 K at the equator.
The
temperature climbs much higher (than on Earth) so long as the
lunar surface is basking in the sun, and drops much lower while the back radiation from outer space is only at 4 kelvins.
we have argued that the global instrumental
surface temperature records, which are available since 1850 with some confidence, suggest that the climate system is resonating and / or synchronized to numerous astronomical oscillations found in the solar activity, in the heliospheric oscillations due to planetary movements and in the
lunar cycles.
If you look up
lunar characteristics, the peak
surface temperature is listed as 123 C or 396 K, which matches the calculation for an albedo of 0.1 for solar radiation at the
lunar equator.