According to the AG, moreover, a single provision obliging the member states to terminate their bilateral investment treaties with Singapore upon entry into force made for
an MS exclusive competence.
The Greek Conseil d'Etat considered that a refusal to recognise a law degree was not contrary to EU law because education
was an exclusive competence of the Member States.
Trade and customs policy
are an exclusive competence of the EU, so unless the EU negotiates an agreement with the UK, the kind of exit you propose, denouncing the Treaties, will oblige to treat the UK as a completly foreign country, imposing customs duties, trade defense instruments, etc..
Not exact matches
Secondly, to streamline its diplomatic action so to encompass the various areas of shared and
exclusive competence (e.g. trade, energy, climate change), and thirdly, to aim at reinforcing the legalisation of those international agreements and institutions that
are deemed as capable to protect the EU's strategic endowment and interests.
Specifically, Article 20 of the Agreement provides that «all questions concerning the validity of decisions of the institutions of the Community taken on the basis of their
competences under this Agreement shall
be of the
exclusive competence of the Court of Justice of the European Communities.»
Since the first paragraph of Article 3 (explicit
exclusive competences) does not refer to the withdrawal agreement, it
is arguable that the second paragraph (implicit
exclusive competences)
is relevant.
Similarly, the Polish Senate criticizes the EPPO's
exclusive competence for not
being in compliance with the principle of proportionality.
The CCP
is exclusive EU
competence, so the broader it
is construed the less Member States can act themselves.
More in particular, the EPPO's
exclusive competence appears to
be a sore point (e.g. the Polish Senate, Romanian Chamber of Deputies, Dutch Senate, Hungarian National Assembly, German Bundesrat and the British House of Lords).
The Court first stated that Opinion 1/94
was no longer relevant in this case (para 48) and proceeded with a fresh start on whether the TRIPS agreement fell within
exclusive competence.
The problem
is that there
is no compelling evidence that the
competence to conclude the withdrawal agreement should necessarily
be exclusive.
60) If the Community
were to
be recognized as having
exclusive competence to enter into agreements with non-member countries to harmonize the protection of intellectual property and, at the same time, to achieve harmonization at Community level, the Community institutions would
be able to escape the internal constraints to which they
are subject in relation to procedures and to rules as to voting.
Furthermore, since foreign direct investment (FDI) falls under
exclusive EU
competence (Article 207 (1) TFEU), the CJEU has the power to decide on the domestic effects of the investment protection provisions of EU international agreements (Slovak Brown Bear, paras. 30 - 32; but we need to wait also for Opinion 2/15, EU - Singapore), even if a case
is brought against a Member State measure before a Member State court.
The discussion on facultative mixity revolves around a seemingly simple question: to what extent does the nature of the EU's
competence (
exclusive or shared) over an international agreement (or part of it) determine whether the agreement
is supposed to
be concluded by the EU alone or together with the Member States as a «mixed» agreement?
Next, the Court had to determine whether the amendment
was confined to Part Three of the Treaty and thus had to establish whether it improperly encroached upon other EU policies outside of Part Three, namely the EU's
exclusive competence over monetary policy and the power to coordinate economic policy, enshrined in Part One TFEU.
Consequently, the Court held, the amendment
was not capable of affecting
exclusive EU
competence in monetary policy.
I wonder if this
is because Art 114
is in this case not the legal basis giving the EU the largest
competence, because 207 falls under the EU's
exclusive competence.
The reasons
are quite simple: the Common Commercial Policy
is an important foreign policy tool and
exclusive EU
competence.
The Court rejected the Commission's argument that the agreement
was covered by the EU's
exclusive competence to conduct a common commercial policy, but did follow the Commission in its argument that the agreement
is covered by an ERTA effect.
So while it might
be a good idea to remove ISDS (perhaps drop the idea altogether), you might need to add some provisions of shared
competence or
exclusive Member State
competence, to ensure that Member States involvement.
This dynamic
was at play also in the context of the Marrakesh Treaty, where the discussion revolves around the question of whether the EU
is endowed with an
exclusive or a shared
competence to conclude the agreement.
In such an event, no ERTA effect will
be triggered, and the EU does not acquire an
exclusive competence to conclude the proposed agreement.
If we take away the afore - mentioned
exclusive EU policy fields what we
are left with
is investment protection and ISDS, parts of which still fall under shared
competences, and those parts of the objectives of the agreement and the final chapters that relate to areas of shared
competence.
If the EU's
competence is exclusive, the agreement would
be concluded by the EU alone; if it
is shared, the Member States would opt for a mixed agreement.
The «minimum harmonisation» exception
was reaffirmed in Opinion 1/03 on the Lugano Convention, where a full court summarised the exception's rationale by stating that «the Court did not find [in Opinion 2/91] that the Community had
exclusive competence where, because both the Community provisions and those of an international convention laid down minimum standards, there
was nothing to prevent the full application of Community law by the Member States» (para. 123).
These provisions conflict with EU law on the
exclusive competence of the EU court [
s] for claims which involve EU law, even for claims where EU law would only partially
be affected.
Secondly, even if enhanced cooperation
was permissible, it argued that the authorizing decision violated the treaty requirements for its use viz: the authorization
was not a «last resort» and
was in an area of
exclusive EU
competence (Article 20 TEU); the authorization violated the principle of non-discrimination and undermined the single market by creating discrimination in trade and distortions to competition within the single market (Article 326 TFEU); and, did not respect the rights of the non-participating states (Article 327 TFEU).
This
was exactly the case here, as
exclusive competence would mean that Member States can no longer act on their own.
The Council
was perfectly happy with Member States deciding on accession on their own, and rejected the view that a decision to accept accession fell within EU
exclusive competence.
The Opinion here
is especially noteworthy because it
is the first time the Court had to interpret the last part of article 3 (2) TFEU which
is commonly understood as a codification of the ERTA case - law on
exclusive EU external
competence.
«The Union shall also have
exclusive competence for the conclusion of an international agreement when its conclusion
is provided for in a legislative act of the Union [Opinion 1 / 94 - type exclusivity] or
is necessary to enable the Union to exercise its internal
competence [Opinion 1 / 76 - type exclusivity], or in so far as its conclusion may affect common rules or alter their scope [ERTA - type exclusivity].»
On the well - established doctrine of enforcement - follows - substance, that would have
been enough to deny the EU
exclusive competence for the chapter's dispute settlement provisions as well.
It should
be noted that while the new provisions with regard to investment liberalisation
are an extension of existing practice pre-Lisbon, the EU
is venturing into uncharted waters with its new
exclusive competence in the field of investment protection.
Obligatory mixity arises where a mixed agreement
is required because the EU has
exclusive competence over one area of an agreement, but no
competence at all over another area.
There
was never much doubt that large parts of the EUSFTA fell within EU
exclusive competence, but one area that
was the source of considerable legal contention
was that of investment.
After all, the Union's
exclusive competence in the area of monetary policy for the Eurozone Member States entails parallel
exclusive competence in external relations, as
is confirmed by the wording of Article 219 (3) TFEU.
However, there
is no indication for this
competence to interfere with any of the
exclusive competences named in Article 3 TFEU.
In fact, fiscal policy
is the counterpart to monetary policy, which
is enumerated in the list of
exclusive competences in Article 3 (1)-RRB- TFEU — the fact that
competence for monetary policy does not entail fiscal policy
is the reason for the existence of the Fiscal Compact in the first place.
The ECJ rightly dispatched with the rather outlandish argument that since Treaty provisions on free movement of capital would
be affected by the EUSFTA, the EU enjoyed
exclusive competence pursuant article 3 (2) TFEU (see paras. 229 - 238).
Be that as it may, in so far as Eurozone Member States are no longer able to fulfil their obligations under the IMF Articles of Agreement without encroaching upon the Union's exclusive competence, it can be argued that they have a duty to take «all appropriate steps to eliminate the incompatibilities» between the Union Treaties and the Articles of Agreement (see Article 351 TFEU
Be that as it may, in so far as Eurozone Member States
are no longer able to fulfil their obligations under the IMF Articles of Agreement without encroaching upon the Union's
exclusive competence, it can
be argued that they have a duty to take «all appropriate steps to eliminate the incompatibilities» between the Union Treaties and the Articles of Agreement (see Article 351 TFEU
be argued that they have a duty to take «all appropriate steps to eliminate the incompatibilities» between the Union Treaties and the Articles of Agreement (see Article 351 TFEU).
Unless an agreement
is covered entirely by the EU's
exclusive competences, it will most likely
be concluded in the form of a mixed agreement, i.e. an agreement to which not only the EU, but also the Member States
are parties.
The regulation of products stemming from third countries through means other than border measures
is thus outside EU
exclusive competence.
Scotland and Northern Ireland can enact legislation — including laws overriding those enacted by the UK Parliament in relation to Scotland and Northern Ireland respectively — on all matters save those that
are reserved to the
exclusive competence of the UK Parliament in Westminster.
«This form of international arbitration
is incompatible with the
exclusive competence of EU courts to rule on the rights and obligations of Member States under EU law.»
In areas which do not fall within its
exclusive competence, the Community shall take action, in accordance with the principle of subsidiarity, only if and insofar as the objectives of the proposed action can not
be sufficiently achieved by the Member States and can therefore, by reason of the scale or effects of the proposed action,
be better achieved by the Community.
The statement went on to say the «definition of the right to strike
is an
exclusive national
competence.»
The question that the Court had to grapple with
was whether the European Union had
exclusive competence to enter into such agreements, or whether this
competence was shared between the EU and the Member States (or even fell within the
exclusive competence of the Member States), at least with respect to certain issues.
At the time when the EEA
was agreed, the EEC / EC only had
exclusive competence relating to trade in goods, and limited aspects of trade in services, according to Opinion 1/94.
ABIF recently responded to the statement claiming that it
is not responsible for resolving the problem between banks and crypto exchanges, stating that it
is an «
exclusive competence of each institution,» and that the problem «must
be addressed and resolved in the context of the individual relationship of each bank with its customers.»
Feelings of apprehension and
competence aren't mutually
exclusive.