Not exact matches
«Up - regulating MHCI is essential for the
maternal immune
response, but changing MHCI activity in the fetal
brain when synaptic connections are being formed could potentially affect synapse density,» Boulanger said.
Although vaccination induces an inflammatory
response during pregnancy, the magnitude and the duration of
response is much lower and shorter, respectively, for influenza vaccination than viral infection.27 Like infection, influenza vaccination during pregnancy has been reported to induce a transient increase in the levels of a number of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor α, and C - reactive protein.27 - 30 Studies on mice found an association between high interleukin - 6 levels during pregnancy and abnormal behavior and
brain structure.19 However, in epidemiological studies, associations between
maternal cytokine levels and ASD have been mixed.
After childbirth, new neurochemical pathways are formed in a mother's
brain to reinforce
maternal behavior, new
responses, and priorities.
Antenatal depression may not only alter development of stress - related biological systems in the fetus, but may also increase risk of obstetrical complications.6 Postnatal depression may also be an early life stressor given known associations with lower levels of sensitive, responsive care needed for infants» development of health attachment relationships, emotional regulation skills, interpersonal skills and stress
response mechanisms.7 Early life stressors, such as those that might be associated with
maternal depression, can influence
brain development, which continues at a rapid pace at least for several years after birth.8 Problems in any of these aspects of development may disrupt the earliest stages of socio - emotional and cognitive development, predisposing to the later development of depression or other disorders.
Adult attachment predicts
maternal brain and oxytocin
response to infant cues.