Sentences with phrase «measuring population size»

Measuring population size and using sampling techniques to investigate the effect of a factor on the distribution of a species; 13.

Describe and interpret predator - prey cycles Explain how and why ecologists use quadrats and transects Required practical 9: measure the population size of a common species in a habitat.

Not exact matches

In that case, the number of bookshops, which is a systems output — generated organically by the size of the city, the rate of literacy, the income of residents, and other relevant factors — would serve as a proxy for literacy, while population or income would serve as proxies for whatever variable one wants to measure.

There are other fertility measures out there such as births per woman aged 15 to 44 years but per capita births is a nice intuitive measure that adjusts for population size and can be readily compared to other numbers — such as per capita income.

Previous attempts to evaluate the Baby Friendly Initiative within an observational study design have often been limited by small sample size or reliance upon ecological measures of confounding factors.16, 17 The advantage of the Millennium Cohort Study is the availability of individual - level social and demographic information, as well as the circumstances of pregnancy and delivery, allowing adjustment for factors that in other studies may be associated with both policy intervention and infant feeding practices, via area or individual population differences.

Definitions vary according to the size of the window that constitutes life, (when it starts and stops), its quality or relative value as measured by those in power, (i.e. slaves regarded as half - people, uncharismatic mutations, the sick and aged, outsiders, outlaws, enemies, militarily weaker populations with confiscatable possessions, those with «fates worse than death», et al), and whose lives, (responsibility for all of a wars» deaths might be attributed to the defeated).

In addition to building size, condition and surrounding population density, the assessment considered geographic isolation, various activity levels, the economic circumstances of each service area and several other reliable measures.

The researchers measured each population's size over the next week and found that colonies to either side of the stressed yeast in the bad region also declined.

Led by postdoctoral researcher Dr Violeta Simon - Porcar, they measured the plant's genome size and surveyed 30 populations of monkeyflowers from Shetland and across the United Kingdom.

Eight years of data were used to measure how population sizes varied between managed, protected oxbow lakes and open - access lakes.

«Through a large enough sample size,» Le says, «we were able to get some consistency around the population to attain a high degree of confidence that it accurately measures an emotional state.»

In order to determine treeshrew body size from populations on the Malay Peninsula and 13 offshore islands, the researchers measured 260 specimens collected over the past 122 years and housed in six natural history museums in Europe and North America.

«The current recovery plan doesn't recognize that there are two distinct taxa on the islands; therefore, monitoring of population size and habitat use that treats all Hawaiian bats as a single unit is likely providing measures that are overestimated and not accurate for either taxon.»

«We wanted to know what it would mean in terms of the size of an outbreak, how long an outbreak lasts, how likely an outbreak is to occur and the reproductive ratio of the parasite, a measure of how effectively the parasite transmits in populations,» said the study's lead author John Vinson, a doctoral student in the Odum School.

Bigeye and yellowfin tuna populations are falling and the average size of captured fish is shrinking, a clear sign that those tuna are in dire need of conservation measures.

Abstract: Background: Little is known about the sample sizes required for clinical trials of Alzheimer's disease (AD)- modifying treatments using atrophy measures from serial brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the Japanese population.

Background: Little is known about the sample sizes required for clinical trials of Alzheimer's disease (AD)- modifying treatments using atrophy measures from serial brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the Japanese population.

In population genetics, effective population size is not a direct measure of the total number of people that lived at a given time.

The SFFQ included questions on 116 food items and specified serving sizes that were described with the use of natural portions or standard weight and volume measures of servings commonly consumed in this study population.

The questions we have used to measure online dating have evolved over the years, and as a result we can not directly compare the size of the total online dating population to some of our earlier surveys on the subject.6 However, the use of online dating sites7 has become steadily more prevalent in recent years.

In particular the pupils are investigating how success should be measured in the Olympic Games — for example, number of medals, number of gold medals, or other considerations such as population size and gross domestic profit (GDP).

Table 1, in the appendix (please see attached PDF), compares features of the four studies, including the populations served by the programs, sample sizes of the studies, the test that studies used as their outcome, and how the studies measured impacts on those tests.

The National Alliance for Public Charter Schools, which has risen to prominence with its annual rankings of state charter school laws, sought to measure the «health» of each system, as determined by factors such as the size of charter populations, racial demographics, test scores and the use of «innovative» practices such as extended school days or apprenticeship programs.

Also, effect sizes as traditionally measured have led analysts to understate the magnitudes of effects because the standard deviation of observed scores overstates the dispersion of true achievement in the student population.

Then, we looked at a metric that measures the pool of potential employees a small business can access — the overall population size — and how many of them are employed by smaller companies.

ALL temperature data whether it is in the ocean or the atmosphere is measuring different populations so the error is for a sample size of ONE.

In a measure of the size of the threat that mini programs present, WeChat already has a user base of 980 million globally, which is larger than the population of the European Union and Russia combined.

Many of the scales demonstrated weak psychometrics in at least one of the following ways: (a) lack of psychometric data [i.e., reliability and / or validity; e.g., HFQ, MASC, PBS, Social Adjustment Scale - Self - Report (SAS - SR) and all perceived self - esteem and self - concept scales], (b) items that fall on more than one subscale (e.g., CBCL - 1991 version), (c) low alpha coefficients (e.g., below.60) for some subscales, which calls into question the utility of using these subscales in research and clinical work (e.g., HFQ, MMPI - A, CBCL - 1991 version, BASC, PSPCSAYC), (d) high correlations between subscales (e.g., PANAS - C), (e) lack of clarity regarding clinically - relevant cut - off scores, yielding high false positive and false negative rates (e.g., CES - D, CDI) and an inability to distinguish between minor (i.e., subclinical) and major (i.e., clinical) «cases» of a disorder (e.g., depression; CDI, BDI), (f) lack of correspondence between items and DSM criteria (e.g., CBCL - 1991 version, CDI, BDI, CES - D, (g) a factor structure that lacks clarity across studies (e.g., PSPCSAYC, CASI; although the factor structure is often difficult to assess in studies of pediatric populations, given the small sample sizes), (h) low inter-rater reliability for interview and observational methods (e.g., CGAS), (i) low correlations between respondents such as child, parent, teacher [e.g., BASC, PSPCSAYC, CSI, FSSC - R, SCARED, Connors Ratings Scales - Revised (CRS - R)-RSB-, (j) the inclusion of somatic or physical symptom items on mental health subscales (e.g., CBCL), which is a problem when conducting studies of children with pediatric physical conditions because physical symptoms may be a feature of the condition rather than an indicator of a mental health problem, (k) high correlations with measures of social desirability, which is particularly problematic for the self - related rating scales and for child - report scales more generally, and (l) content validity problems (e.g., the RCMAS is a measure of anxiety, but contains items that tap mood, attention, peer interactions, and impulsivity).

The size of the CfC impacts on most outcomes was small, but can be considered positive relative to what was observed in the early phase of the UK Sure Start evaluation.3 The current results are also comparable in size to those found in the later impact evaluation of the Sure Start programme, in which 3 - year - old children were exposed to mature SSLP throughout their entire lives.4 Reviews of the effectiveness of early childhood interventions have found that most studies reported effect sizes on parenting and child outcomes that were small to moderate.14 15 When comparing CfC and SSLP with other interventions, it is important to remember that the evaluations of these interventions measured effects on an entire population, rather than on programme participants, as is the case in the evaluation of many other interventions.

The relationship between depressive symptoms and step count has only been assessed in specific populations with small sample sizes, such as low - socioeconomic status Latino immigrants, 16 elderly Japanese people17 or patients with chronic conditions such as heart failure18 19 or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.20 21 Studies yield contradictory results, with some observing no association between depressive symptoms and daily step count, 19 21 while others report a negative correlation.16 — 18 20 In one cross-sectional sample of healthy older adults, an inverse association between depressive symptoms (using the Goldberg Depression Scale - 15) and accelerometer measured daily step count disappeared after controlling for general health and disability.22 While a systematic review suggests reduced levels of objectively measured PA in patients with depression, 23 it is not known whether this association is present in those at high risk of CVD and taken into account important confounding such as gender and age.

Area - level explanatory variables will include: accessibility and remoteness, as measured by the Accessibility / Remoteness Index of Australia Plus (ARIA +); 54 socioeconomic disadvantage, as measured by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) Socioeconomic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA); 55 presence of Aboriginal Medical Services; presence of an AMIHS; proportion of Aboriginal pregnancies / births in an area managed by an AMIHS; numbers of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children attending preschool; numbers of full - time equivalent health workers (including general medical practitioners, nurses, midwives and Aboriginal health workers) per 10 000 population; measures of social capital from the NSW Population Health Survey; 56 features of local communities (derived from ABS Census data), such as information on median personal and household income, mortgage repayment and rent; average number of persons per bedroom and household size; employment; non-school qualifications and housing type for Aboriginal residents in each area.57

Limitations include small sample size, lack of follow - up of waitlist control condition, relying on self - reporting measures to determine success, and generalizability to other ethnic populations.

Limitations include possible expectancy bias on the self - report measures, lack of assessment immediately post-intervention, small sample size and generalizable to lower socioeconomic status or more culturally diverse populations.

Limitations include detection bias due to the fact that the assessors who administered the measures were not blinded to treatment conditions, sample size, and generalizability to other populations.