But
most large clinical trials of ACEI / ARB exclude
patients with the
most advanced stage of CKD predialysis, perhaps out of concern that the drugs can cause renal failure and the need for
dialysis, so it remains unclear whether that therapy is effective in
patients with advanced CKD, according to the study background.
Dialysis, or as a last resort, kidney transplantation can save the
patient, although the costs can be prohibitive for
most owners (see below).»