«As the modern human and
Neanderthal lineages evolved during the last 500,000 years or so, they could regularly have expanded into the Levant and Arabia in the good times, then becoming extinct in the bad times.
But the woman, who passed her mtDNA down through
the Neanderthal lineage, was not necessarily an anatomically modern human, notes paleogeneticist Johannes Krause, a co-author of the study.
He inscribes a line that links
the Neanderthal lineage to the Europeans and Asians.
What it does mean, Siepel clarifies, is that «the signal we are seeing in the Altai Neanderthal probably comes from an interbreeding event that occurred after
this Neanderthal lineage diverged from its European cousins, a little more than 100,000 years ago.»
What it does mean, Siepel clarifies, is that «the signal we're seeing in the Altai Neanderthal probably comes from an interbreeding event that occurred after
this Neanderthal lineage diverged from its archaic cousins, a little more than 100,000 years ago.»
Not exact matches
The biggest mystery is how and when our
lineage diverged from that of the
Neanderthals and Denisovans.
The genetic data recovered by the research team, led by scientists from the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History and the University of Tübingen, provides a timeline for a proposed hominin migration out of Africa that occurred after the ancestors of
Neanderthals arrived in Europe by a
lineage more closely related to modern humans.
The mitochondrial
lineage of HST and of all other known
Neanderthals separated from each other very deeply in time, at a minimum of 220,000 years ago.
Interestingly, it represents a different mitochondrial
lineage than the
Neanderthals previously studied.
However, it would have been large enough to completely replace the existing mitochondrial
lineage of
Neanderthals, more similar to the Denisovans, with a type more similar to modern humans.
They were part of an early European
lineage that includes
Neanderthals, but is more primitive than the later Pleistocene variety.
I'm convinced that
Neanderthals were a totally separate
lineage.
More important, early divergence would mean that a significant part of brain expansion in
Neanderthals took place completely separately from that in our own
lineage.
They also compared the human genomes with recently sequenced genomes of
Neanderthals and Denisovans and found similar genetic variation, which indicates that the facial variation in modern humans must have originated prior to the split between these different
lineages.
The bones account for most of the human fossils ever discovered from the Middle Pleistocene, the period 120,000 to 780,000 years ago during which modern humans,
Neanderthals and Denisovans split into distinct
lineages.
Not everyone agrees with this assessment, but Aida GÓmez - Robles at University College London thinks it makes sense given that we already know our
lineage became distinct from the
Neanderthal line at least 500,000 years ago.
Reich also creates a branch off the
Neanderthal line for the Denisovans, a paleolithic
lineage geneticists discovered only a few years ago.
Their
lineage branched off from ours around 400,000 years ago, before splitting into the
Neanderthals and Denisovans.
Though there is no complete skeleton for X-woman, her
lineage could mean she is related to any number of more complete specimens recovered in Asia that don't neatly fit human or
Neanderthal body patterns, says Stringer.
Since limited interbreeding also happened between
Neanderthals and early humans in the Middle East, is it possible that the reduction of
Neanderthal DNA in the European
lineage occurred not too long ago?
That there is another archaic
lineage, potentially related to Denisova, potentially older, potentially related to
Neanderthal,» Bohlender says.
Neanderthals were humans, and research on humans requires informed consent, which is hard to get from someone who belongs to an extinct
lineage.
«The authors themselves are understandably cautious in drawing strong conclusions, but I think that their work clearly supports the contention that speech and language is an old feature of our
lineage going back at least to the last common ancestor that we shared with the
Neanderthals,» Dr Dediu told BBC News.
They also considered the timeline of when this
Neanderthal DNA entered the Homo sapiens
lineage and discovered it happened about 50,000 years ago, around the time modern humans and
Neanderthals are believed to have mated.