Symptom severity was assessed at baseline and annually using the Positive and
Negative Symptom Scale score.
At four months» time, she'd lost 30 pounds and her score on a clinical questionnaire called the PANSS (Positive and
Negative Symptom Scale), which ranks symptoms on a scale from 30 (best) to 210 (worst), had come down from 107 to 70.
Not exact matches
Participants had psychotic
symptoms, not caused by substance misuse, for > 4 weeks and scored 4 or more on the Positive and
Negative Syndrome
Scale (PANSS).
Secondary outcomes: thoughts, feelings and behaviour (Borderline Evaluation of Severity Over Time
scale (BESOT)-RRB-; positive and
negative disposition (Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)-RRB-; Beck Depression Inventory (BDI); Symptom Checklist -90-Revised (SCL
negative disposition (Positive and
Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)-RRB-; Beck Depression Inventory (BDI); Symptom Checklist -90-Revised (SCL
Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)-RRB-; Beck Depression Inventory (BDI);
Symptom Checklist -90-Revised (SCL90R);...
Primary outcomes: overall
symptoms (positive,
negative, and neurotic
symptoms combined); depression / anxiety;
negative and positive
symptoms; overall functioning (combination of function scores from measures such as the Global Assessment
Scale and Global Assessment of Functioning scale); remis
Scale and Global Assessment of Functioning
scale); remis
scale); remission.
Many of the
scales demonstrated weak psychometrics in at least one of the following ways: (a) lack of psychometric data [i.e., reliability and / or validity; e.g., HFQ, MASC, PBS, Social Adjustment Scale - Self - Report (SAS - SR) and all perceived self - esteem and self - concept scales], (b) items that fall on more than one subscale (e.g., CBCL - 1991 version), (c) low alpha coefficients (e.g., below.60) for some subscales, which calls into question the utility of using these subscales in research and clinical work (e.g., HFQ, MMPI - A, CBCL - 1991 version, BASC, PSPCSAYC), (d) high correlations between subscales (e.g., PANAS - C), (e) lack of clarity regarding clinically - relevant cut - off scores, yielding high false positive and false negative rates (e.g., CES - D, CDI) and an inability to distinguish between minor (i.e., subclinical) and major (i.e., clinical) «cases» of a disorder (e.g., depression; CDI, BDI), (f) lack of correspondence between items and DSM criteria (e.g., CBCL - 1991 version, CDI, BDI, CES - D, (g) a factor structure that lacks clarity across studies (e.g., PSPCSAYC, CASI; although the factor structure is often difficult to assess in studies of pediatric populations, given the small sample sizes), (h) low inter-rater reliability for interview and observational methods (e.g., CGAS), (i) low correlations between respondents such as child, parent, teacher [e.g., BASC, PSPCSAYC, CSI, FSSC - R, SCARED, Connors Ratings Scales - Revised (CRS - R)-RSB-, (j) the inclusion of somatic or physical symptom items on mental health subscales (e.g., CBCL), which is a problem when conducting studies of children with pediatric physical conditions because physical symptoms may be a feature of the condition rather than an indicator of a mental health problem, (k) high correlations with measures of social desirability, which is particularly problematic for the self - related rating scales and for child - report scales more generally, and (l) content validity problems (e.g., the RCMAS is a measure of anxiety, but contains items that tap mood, attention, peer interactions, and impulsi
scales demonstrated weak psychometrics in at least one of the following ways: (a) lack of psychometric data [i.e., reliability and / or validity; e.g., HFQ, MASC, PBS, Social Adjustment
Scale - Self - Report (SAS - SR) and all perceived self - esteem and self - concept
scales], (b) items that fall on more than one subscale (e.g., CBCL - 1991 version), (c) low alpha coefficients (e.g., below.60) for some subscales, which calls into question the utility of using these subscales in research and clinical work (e.g., HFQ, MMPI - A, CBCL - 1991 version, BASC, PSPCSAYC), (d) high correlations between subscales (e.g., PANAS - C), (e) lack of clarity regarding clinically - relevant cut - off scores, yielding high false positive and false negative rates (e.g., CES - D, CDI) and an inability to distinguish between minor (i.e., subclinical) and major (i.e., clinical) «cases» of a disorder (e.g., depression; CDI, BDI), (f) lack of correspondence between items and DSM criteria (e.g., CBCL - 1991 version, CDI, BDI, CES - D, (g) a factor structure that lacks clarity across studies (e.g., PSPCSAYC, CASI; although the factor structure is often difficult to assess in studies of pediatric populations, given the small sample sizes), (h) low inter-rater reliability for interview and observational methods (e.g., CGAS), (i) low correlations between respondents such as child, parent, teacher [e.g., BASC, PSPCSAYC, CSI, FSSC - R, SCARED, Connors Ratings Scales - Revised (CRS - R)-RSB-, (j) the inclusion of somatic or physical symptom items on mental health subscales (e.g., CBCL), which is a problem when conducting studies of children with pediatric physical conditions because physical symptoms may be a feature of the condition rather than an indicator of a mental health problem, (k) high correlations with measures of social desirability, which is particularly problematic for the self - related rating scales and for child - report scales more generally, and (l) content validity problems (e.g., the RCMAS is a measure of anxiety, but contains items that tap mood, attention, peer interactions, and impulsi
scales], (b) items that fall on more than one subscale (e.g., CBCL - 1991 version), (c) low alpha coefficients (e.g., below.60) for some subscales, which calls into question the utility of using these subscales in research and clinical work (e.g., HFQ, MMPI - A, CBCL - 1991 version, BASC, PSPCSAYC), (d) high correlations between subscales (e.g., PANAS - C), (e) lack of clarity regarding clinically - relevant cut - off scores, yielding high false positive and false
negative rates (e.g., CES - D, CDI) and an inability to distinguish between minor (i.e., subclinical) and major (i.e., clinical) «cases» of a disorder (e.g., depression; CDI, BDI), (f) lack of correspondence between items and DSM criteria (e.g., CBCL - 1991 version, CDI, BDI, CES - D, (g) a factor structure that lacks clarity across studies (e.g., PSPCSAYC, CASI; although the factor structure is often difficult to assess in studies of pediatric populations, given the small sample sizes), (h) low inter-rater reliability for interview and observational methods (e.g., CGAS), (i) low correlations between respondents such as child, parent, teacher [e.g., BASC, PSPCSAYC, CSI, FSSC - R, SCARED, Connors Ratings
Scales - Revised (CRS - R)-RSB-, (j) the inclusion of somatic or physical symptom items on mental health subscales (e.g., CBCL), which is a problem when conducting studies of children with pediatric physical conditions because physical symptoms may be a feature of the condition rather than an indicator of a mental health problem, (k) high correlations with measures of social desirability, which is particularly problematic for the self - related rating scales and for child - report scales more generally, and (l) content validity problems (e.g., the RCMAS is a measure of anxiety, but contains items that tap mood, attention, peer interactions, and impulsi
Scales - Revised (CRS - R)-RSB-, (j) the inclusion of somatic or physical
symptom items on mental health subscales (e.g., CBCL), which is a problem when conducting studies of children with pediatric physical conditions because physical
symptoms may be a feature of the condition rather than an indicator of a mental health problem, (k) high correlations with measures of social desirability, which is particularly problematic for the self - related rating
scales and for child - report scales more generally, and (l) content validity problems (e.g., the RCMAS is a measure of anxiety, but contains items that tap mood, attention, peer interactions, and impulsi
scales and for child - report
scales more generally, and (l) content validity problems (e.g., the RCMAS is a measure of anxiety, but contains items that tap mood, attention, peer interactions, and impulsi
scales more generally, and (l) content validity problems (e.g., the RCMAS is a measure of anxiety, but contains items that tap mood, attention, peer interactions, and impulsivity).
Overall efficacy (changes in Positive and
Negative Syndrome Scale or in Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale), positive, negative and depressive symptoms, quality of life and relaps
Negative Syndrome
Scale or in Brief Psychiatric Rating
Scale), positive,
negative and depressive symptoms, quality of life and relaps
negative and depressive
symptoms, quality of life and relapse rates.
301 people aged 18 — 65 years (218 without carers, 83 with carers) with non-affective psychosis (ICD - 10 category F2 and DSM - IV) and a second or subsequent psychotic episode not more than 3 months before the trial began, plus a rating of at least 4 for one or more positive
symptoms on the Positive and
Negative Syndrome
Scale (PANSS).
A PANSS
symptom severity score of > 3 on an item indicated a
negative symptom being present (
scale 1 — 7, where 1 =
symptom absent and 7 =
symptom extremely severe).
The relationship between depressive
symptoms and step count has only been assessed in specific populations with small sample sizes, such as low - socioeconomic status Latino immigrants, 16 elderly Japanese people17 or patients with chronic conditions such as heart failure18 19 or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.20 21 Studies yield contradictory results, with some observing no association between depressive
symptoms and daily step count, 19 21 while others report a
negative correlation.16 — 18 20 In one cross-sectional sample of healthy older adults, an inverse association between depressive
symptoms (using the Goldberg Depression
Scale - 15) and accelerometer measured daily step count disappeared after controlling for general health and disability.22 While a systematic review suggests reduced levels of objectively measured PA in patients with depression, 23 it is not known whether this association is present in those at high risk of CVD and taken into account important confounding such as gender and age.
Negative symptoms and clinical severity were assessed using five items from the schizophrenia Postive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) negative symptoms subscale (blunted affect, emotional withdrawal, poor rapport, social withdrawal and verbal f
Negative symptoms and clinical severity were assessed using five items from the schizophrenia Postive and
Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) negative symptoms subscale (blunted affect, emotional withdrawal, poor rapport, social withdrawal and verbal f
Negative Syndrome
Scale (PANSS)
negative symptoms subscale (blunted affect, emotional withdrawal, poor rapport, social withdrawal and verbal f
negative symptoms subscale (blunted affect, emotional withdrawal, poor rapport, social withdrawal and verbal fluency).
Prognostic factors Severity of positive and
negative symptoms (schedules for positive and
negative symptoms); course of illness over the past 2 years; level of functioning (Global Assessment of Functioning
scale (GAF)-RRB-; premorbid functioning (Premorbid Adjustment
scale); duration of untreated psychosis (interview for retrospective assessment of onset of schizophrenia); days of hospitalisation; number of contacts with psychiatric services; number of days in supported housing.
Measures utilized include Traumatic Events Screening Inventory — Child / Self Report, Generalized Expectancies for
Negative Mood Regulation, Clinician Administered PTSD
Scale, Post-Traumatic Cognitions Inventory, Trauma
Symptom Checklist for Children, and the Hope
Scale.
Measures utilized include the Clinician - Administered PTSD
Scale, the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI), the General Expectancy for
Negative Mood Regulation
Scale (NMR), and the Modified Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Symptom Scale (MPSS - SR).
Measures utilized include the Childhood Maltreatment Interview Schedule, the Sexual Assault and Additional Interpersonal Violence Schedule, the Clinician - Administered PTSD
Scale (CAPS), the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM — IV (SCID - I and SCID - II), the Modified Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Symptom Scale (MPSS - SR), the General Expectancy for
Negative Mood Regulation
Scale (NMR), the Anger Expression subscale (Ax / Ex) from the State — Trait Anger Expression Inventory, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the State subscale of the State — Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI — S), the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP), the Social Adjustment
Scale — Self Report (SAS - SR), and the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI).
PSS Perceived Stress
Scale, STAI State Trait Anxiety Inventory, CES - D Center for Epidemiological Studies — Depression
Scale, PANAS Positive and
Negative Affect Scale, Pos positive subscale, Neg negative subscale, WEMWBS Warwick - Edinburgh Mental Well - being Scale, SCL 90R Symptom Checklist 90R, MBI Masloch Burnout Inventory, EE emotional exhaustion, Dep depersonalisation, Pers personal accomplishment, BSI Brief Symptom Inventory (GSI — General Symptom Index), Som somatisation, Dep depression, Anx anxiety, PSQI Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, DASS Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale, Dep depression, Anx anxiety, DPS daily physical symptoms, TUS Time Urgency Scale, Task Task - Related Hurry, Gen General Hurry, ED - 6 Teacher Stress Scale, K10 Kessler - 10 Psychological Distress Scale, SWLS Satisfaction with Life Scale, BDI Beck Depression Inventory, Occ - Stress occupationa
Negative Affect
Scale, Pos positive subscale, Neg
negative subscale, WEMWBS Warwick - Edinburgh Mental Well - being Scale, SCL 90R Symptom Checklist 90R, MBI Masloch Burnout Inventory, EE emotional exhaustion, Dep depersonalisation, Pers personal accomplishment, BSI Brief Symptom Inventory (GSI — General Symptom Index), Som somatisation, Dep depression, Anx anxiety, PSQI Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, DASS Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale, Dep depression, Anx anxiety, DPS daily physical symptoms, TUS Time Urgency Scale, Task Task - Related Hurry, Gen General Hurry, ED - 6 Teacher Stress Scale, K10 Kessler - 10 Psychological Distress Scale, SWLS Satisfaction with Life Scale, BDI Beck Depression Inventory, Occ - Stress occupationa
negative subscale, WEMWBS Warwick - Edinburgh Mental Well - being
Scale, SCL 90R
Symptom Checklist 90R, MBI Masloch Burnout Inventory, EE emotional exhaustion, Dep depersonalisation, Pers personal accomplishment, BSI Brief
Symptom Inventory (GSI — General
Symptom Index), Som somatisation, Dep depression, Anx anxiety, PSQI Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, DASS Depression, Anxiety and Stress
Scale, Dep depression, Anx anxiety, DPS daily physical
symptoms, TUS Time Urgency
Scale, Task Task - Related Hurry, Gen General Hurry, ED - 6 Teacher Stress
Scale, K10 Kessler - 10 Psychological Distress
Scale, SWLS Satisfaction with Life
Scale, BDI Beck Depression Inventory, Occ - Stress occupational stress