Since
none of the
participants in the [Manhattan Project] had
ever experienced an explosion
of the anticipated size
of Trinity (radically underestimated in advance as the equivalent
of four thousand to five thousand tons
of TNT), Kenneth Bainbridge, to whom [J. Robert] Oppenheimer had delegated the testing procedure, opted to conduct a scale model
of the forthcoming atomic test by detonating one hundred tons
of TNT off a thirty - eight - foot - high tower....
The final, weighted survey results showed that 11.2 percent
of participants —
none of whom had
ever smoked when they completed the initial questionnaire — had started smoking tobacco cigarettes.