To this end, we assessed pre - and perinatal risk factors (pregnancy duration, birth weight, maternal smoking during pregnancy), transgenerational influences (parental ADHD, for ADHD - only and ADHD +
ODD parental warmth and parental criticism as well), and postnatal risk factors (socioeconomic status [SES], adverse life events, deviant peer affiliations) in three groups: ADHD + ODD, ADHD - only, and typically developing controls.
Finally, we expected less
parental warmth and more
parental criticism to be predictive for ADHD +
ODD group membership, compared with ADHD - only [23, 43].