The NEMOVAR Ocean Data Assimilation System as Implemented in the ECMWF
Ocean Analysis for System 4.
The NEMOVAR Ocean Data Assimilation As Implemented in the ECMWF
Ocean Analysis for System 4 Technical Memorandum 668 (ECMWF, 2011).
Not exact matches
This week brings a video reconstructed from images of the Philae lander's approach to a comet, and a major new
analysis of data from the Cassini mission that bolsters the case
for a global, not just local,
ocean beneath the icy crust of Enceladus
Scientists process cores in plastic liners before they're shipped to the International
Ocean Discovery Program's core repository in Bremen, Germany,
for detailed
analysis this fall.
The research was conducted by a scientific working group at UC Santa Barbara's National Center
for Ecological
Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS) with support from the Washington, D.C. - based
Ocean Conservancy.
By applying the same
analysis to approximately 150 tropical cyclones in the Pacific and Atlantic
oceans, they showed that the relationship held true
for such low - pressure systems.
More than 60 researchers from a cross section of disciplines and institutions, including the National Center
for Ecological
Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS) at the University of California, Santa Barbara, have created the
Ocean Health Index to do just that.
An
analysis of CO2 preserved in ice cores shows that
for more than 600,000 years the
ocean had a pH of approximately 8.2 (pH is the acidity of a solution measured on a 14 - point scale, with a pH below 7 being acidic and above 7, basic).
In October, Congress approved a conference report attached to the U.S. Department of Interior's appropriations bill that cited expanded leasing in the Arctic
Ocean, including seismic testing and exploratory drilling, and called
for independent scientific
analysis before the agency proceeds.
This makes an exact hazard
analysis for certain areas very difficult,» explains Prof. Dr. Heidrun Kopp Geophysicist at GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre
for Ocean Research Kiel.
COAWST combines models of
ocean, atmosphere, waves and sediment transport
for analysis of coastal change.
GA maps the land masses below the
ocean's surface through basic geological work and seismic and bathymetric
analysis (measuring water depth at various places in a body of water) to better define and legally extend Australia's continental shelf
for a submission to the United Nations under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea.
The new
analysis combines sea - surface temperature records with meteorological station measurements and tests alternative choices
for ocean records, urban warming and tropical and Arctic oscillations.
Temperature anomalies
for land and
ocean are analyzed separately and then merged to form the global
analysis.
We rejected any years in which there were missing months from the HadSST3 data
analysis and we also calculated the global averages only
for years in which at least half of the
ocean surface consisted of valid data.
g (acceleration due to gravity) G (gravitational constant) G star G1.9 +0.3 gabbro Gabor, Dennis (1900 — 1979) Gabriel's Horn Gacrux (Gamma Crucis) gadolinium Gagarin, Yuri Alexeyevich (1934 — 1968) Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center GAIA Gaia Hypothesis galactic anticenter galactic bulge galactic center Galactic Club galactic coordinates galactic disk galactic empire galactic equator galactic habitable zone galactic halo galactic magnetic field galactic noise galactic plane galactic rotation galactose Galatea GALAXIES galaxy galaxy cannibalism galaxy classification galaxy formation galaxy interaction galaxy merger Galaxy, The Galaxy satellite series Gale Crater Galen (c. AD 129 — c. 216) galena GALEX (Galaxy Evolution Explorer) Galilean satellites Galilean telescope Galileo (Galilei, Galileo)(1564 — 1642) Galileo (spacecraft) Galileo Europa Mission (GEM) Galileo satellite navigation system gall gall bladder Galle, Johann Gottfried (1812 — 1910) gallic acid gallium gallon gallstone Galois, Évariste (1811 — 1832) Galois theory Galton, Francis (1822 — 1911) Galvani, Luigi (1737 — 1798) galvanizing galvanometer game game theory GAMES AND PUZZLES gamete gametophyte Gamma (Soviet orbiting telescope) Gamma Cassiopeiae Gamma Cassiopeiae star gamma function gamma globulin gamma rays Gamma Velorum gamma - ray burst gamma - ray satellites Gamow, George (1904 — 1968) ganglion gangrene Ganswindt, Hermann (1856 — 1934) Ganymede «garbage theory», of the origin of life Gardner, Martin (1914 — 2010) Garneau, Marc (1949 ---RRB- garnet Garnet Star (Mu Cephei) Garnet Star Nebula (IC 1396) garnierite Garriott, Owen K. (1930 ---RRB- Garuda gas gas chromatography gas constant gas giant gas laws gas - bounded nebula gaseous nebula gaseous propellant gaseous - propellant rocket engine gasoline Gaspra (minor planet 951) Gassendi, Pierre (1592 — 1655) gastric juice gastrin gastrocnemius gastroenteritis gastrointestinal tract gastropod gastrulation Gatewood, George D. (1940 ---RRB- Gauer - Henry reflex gauge boson gauge theory gauss (unit) Gauss, Carl Friedrich (1777 — 1855) Gaussian distribution Gay - Lussac, Joseph Louis (1778 — 1850) GCOM (Global Change Observing Mission) Geber (c. 720 — 815) gegenschein Geiger, Hans Wilhelm (1882 — 1945) Geiger - Müller counter Giessler tube gel gelatin Gelfond's theorem Gell - Mann, Murray (1929 ---RRB- GEM «gemination,» of martian canals Geminga Gemini (constellation) Gemini Observatory Gemini Project Gemini - Titan II gemstone gene gene expression gene mapping gene pool gene therapy gene transfer General Catalogue of Variable Stars (GCVS) general precession general theory of relativity generation ship generator Genesis (inflatable orbiting module) Genesis (sample return probe) genetic code genetic counseling genetic disorder genetic drift genetic engineering genetic marker genetic material genetic pool genetic recombination genetics GENETICS AND HEREDITY Geneva Extrasolar Planet Search Program genome genome, interstellar transmission of genotype gentian violet genus geoboard geode geodesic geodesy geodesy satellites geodetic precession Geographos (minor planet 1620) geography GEOGRAPHY Geo - IK geologic time geology GEOLOGY AND PLANETARY SCIENCE geomagnetic field geomagnetic storm geometric mean geometric sequence geometry GEOMETRY geometry puzzles geophysics GEOS (Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite) Geosat geostationary orbit geosynchronous orbit geosynchronous / geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) geosyncline Geotail (satellite) geotropism germ germ cells Germain, Sophie (1776 — 1831) German Rocket Society germanium germination Gesner, Konrad von (1516 — 1565) gestation Get Off the Earth puzzle Gettier problem geyser g - force GFO (Geosat Follow - On) GFZ - 1 (GeoForschungsZentrum) ghost crater Ghost Head Nebula (NGC 2080) ghost image Ghost of Jupiter (NGC 3242) Giacconi, Riccardo (1931 ---RRB- Giacobini - Zinner, Comet (Comet 21P /) Giaever, Ivar (1929 ---RRB- giant branch Giant Magellan Telescope giant molecular cloud giant planet giant star Giant's Causeway Giauque, William Francis (1895 — 1982) gibberellins Gibbs, Josiah Willard (1839 — 1903) Gibbs free energy Gibson, Edward G. (1936 ---RRB- Gilbert, William (1544 — 1603) gilbert (unit) Gilbreath's conjecture gilding gill gill (unit) Gilruth, Robert R. (1913 — 2000) gilsonite gimbal Ginga ginkgo Giotto (ESA Halley probe) GIRD (Gruppa Isutcheniya Reaktivnovo Dvisheniya) girder glacial drift glacial groove glacier gland Glaser, Donald Arthur (1926 — 2013) Glashow, Sheldon (1932 ---RRB- glass GLAST (Gamma - ray Large Area Space Telescope) Glauber, Johann Rudolf (1607 — 1670) glaucoma glauconite Glenn, John Herschel, Jr. (1921 ---RRB- Glenn Research Center Glennan, T (homas) Keith (1905 — 1995) glenoid cavity glia glial cell glider Gliese 229B Gliese 581 Gliese 67 (HD 10307, HIP 7918) Gliese 710 (HD 168442, HIP 89825) Gliese 86 Gliese 876 Gliese Catalogue glioma glissette glitch Global Astrometric Interferometer
for Astrophysics (GAIA) Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG) Globalstar globe Globigerina globular cluster globular proteins globule globulin globus pallidus GLOMR (Global Low Orbiting Message Relay) GLONASS (Global Navigation Satellite System) glossopharyngeal nerve Gloster E. 28/39 glottis glow - worm glucagon glucocorticoid glucose glucoside gluon Glushko, Valentin Petrovitch (1908 — 1989) glutamic acid glutamine gluten gluteus maximus glycerol glycine glycogen glycol glycolysis glycoprotein glycosidic bond glycosuria glyoxysome GMS (Geosynchronous Meteorological Satellite) GMT (Greenwich Mean Time) Gnathostomata gneiss Go Go, No - go goblet cell GOCE (Gravity field and steady - state
Ocean Circulation Explorer) God Goddard, Robert Hutchings (1882 — 1945) Goddard Institute for Space Studies Goddard Space Flight Center Gödel, Kurt (1906 — 1978) Gödel universe Godwin, Francis (1562 — 1633) GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite) goethite goiter gold Gold, Thomas (1920 — 2004) Goldbach conjecture golden ratio (phi) Goldin, Daniel Saul (1940 ---RRB- gold - leaf electroscope Goldstone Tracking Facility Golgi, Camillo (1844 — 1926) Golgi apparatus Golomb, Solomon W. (1932 — 2016) golygon GOMS (Geostationary Operational Meteorological Satellite) gonad gonadotrophin - releasing hormone gonadotrophins Gondwanaland Gonets goniatite goniometer gonorrhea Goodricke, John (1764 — 1786) googol Gordian Knot Gordon, Richard Francis, Jr. (1929 — 2017) Gore, John Ellard (1845 — 1910) gorge gorilla Gorizont Gott loop Goudsmit, Samuel Abraham (1902 — 1978) Gould, Benjamin Apthorp (1824 — 1896) Gould, Stephen Jay (1941 — 2002) Gould Belt gout governor GPS (Global Positioning System) Graaf, Regnier de (1641 — 1673) Graafian follicle GRAB graben GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) graceful graph gradient Graham, Ronald (1935 ---RRB- Graham, Thomas (1805 — 1869) Graham's law of diffusion Graham's number GRAIL (Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory) grain (cereal) grain (unit) gram gram - atom Gramme, Zénobe Théophile (1826 — 1901) gramophone Gram's stain Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC) Granat Grand Tour grand unified theory (GUT) Grandfather Paradox Granit, Ragnar Arthur (1900 — 1991) granite granulation granule granulocyte graph graph theory graphene graphite GRAPHS AND GRAPH THEORY graptolite grass grassland gravel graveyard orbit gravimeter gravimetric analysis Gravitational Biology Facility gravitational collapse gravitational constant (G) gravitational instability gravitational lens gravitational life gravitational lock gravitational microlensing GRAVITATIONAL PHYSICS gravitational slingshot effect gravitational waves graviton gravity gravity gradient gravity gradient stabilization Gravity Probe A Gravity Probe B gravity - assist gray (Gy) gray goo gray matter grazing - incidence telescope Great Annihilator Great Attractor great circle Great Comets Great Hercules Cluster (M13, NGC 6205) Great Monad Great Observatories Great Red Spot Great Rift (in Milky Way) Great Rift Valley Great Square of Pegasus Great Wall greater omentum greatest elongation Green, George (1793 — 1841) Green, Nathaniel E. Green, Thomas Hill (1836 — 1882) green algae Green Bank Green Bank conference (1961) Green Bank Telescope green flash greenhouse effect greenhouse gases Green's theorem Greg, Percy (1836 — 1889) Gregorian calendar Grelling's paradox Griffith, George (1857 — 1906) Griffith Observatory Grignard, François Auguste Victor (1871 — 1935) Grignard reagent grike Grimaldi, Francesco Maria (1618 — 1663) Grissom, Virgil (1926 — 1967) grit gritstone Groom Lake Groombridge 34 Groombridge Catalogue gross ground, electrical ground state ground - track group group theory GROUPS AND GROUP THEORY growing season growth growth hormone growth hormone - releasing hormone growth plate Grudge, Project Gruithuisen, Franz von Paula (1774 — 1852) Grus (constellation) Grus Quartet (NGC 7552, NGC 7582, NGC 7590, and NGC 7599) GSLV (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle) g - suit G - type asteroid Guericke, Otto von (1602 — 1686) guanine Guiana Space Centre guidance, inertial Guide Star Catalog (GSC) guided missile guided missiles, postwar development Guillaume, Charles Édouard (1861 — 1938) Gulf Stream (ocean current) Gulfstream (jet plane) Gullstrand, Allvar (1862 — 1930) gum Gum Nebula gun metal gunpowder Gurwin Gusev Crater gut Gutenberg, Johann (c. 1400 — 1468) Guy, Richard Kenneth (1916 ---RRB- guyot Guzman Prize gymnosperm gynecology gynoecium gypsum gyrocompass gyrofrequency gyropilot gyroscope gyrostabilizer Gyulbudagian's Nebula (H
Ocean Circulation Explorer) God Goddard, Robert Hutchings (1882 — 1945) Goddard Institute
for Space Studies Goddard Space Flight Center Gödel, Kurt (1906 — 1978) Gödel universe Godwin, Francis (1562 — 1633) GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite) goethite goiter gold Gold, Thomas (1920 — 2004) Goldbach conjecture golden ratio (phi) Goldin, Daniel Saul (1940 ---RRB- gold - leaf electroscope Goldstone Tracking Facility Golgi, Camillo (1844 — 1926) Golgi apparatus Golomb, Solomon W. (1932 — 2016) golygon GOMS (Geostationary Operational Meteorological Satellite) gonad gonadotrophin - releasing hormone gonadotrophins Gondwanaland Gonets goniatite goniometer gonorrhea Goodricke, John (1764 — 1786) googol Gordian Knot Gordon, Richard Francis, Jr. (1929 — 2017) Gore, John Ellard (1845 — 1910) gorge gorilla Gorizont Gott loop Goudsmit, Samuel Abraham (1902 — 1978) Gould, Benjamin Apthorp (1824 — 1896) Gould, Stephen Jay (1941 — 2002) Gould Belt gout governor GPS (Global Positioning System) Graaf, Regnier de (1641 — 1673) Graafian follicle GRAB graben GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) graceful graph gradient Graham, Ronald (1935 ---RRB- Graham, Thomas (1805 — 1869) Graham's law of diffusion Graham's number GRAIL (Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory) grain (cereal) grain (unit) gram gram - atom Gramme, Zénobe Théophile (1826 — 1901) gramophone Gram's stain Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC) Granat Grand Tour grand unified theory (GUT) Grandfather Paradox Granit, Ragnar Arthur (1900 — 1991) granite granulation granule granulocyte graph graph theory graphene graphite GRAPHS AND GRAPH THEORY graptolite grass grassland gravel graveyard orbit gravimeter gravimetric
analysis Gravitational Biology Facility gravitational collapse gravitational constant (G) gravitational instability gravitational lens gravitational life gravitational lock gravitational microlensing GRAVITATIONAL PHYSICS gravitational slingshot effect gravitational waves graviton gravity gravity gradient gravity gradient stabilization Gravity Probe A Gravity Probe B gravity - assist gray (Gy) gray goo gray matter grazing - incidence telescope Great Annihilator Great Attractor great circle Great Comets Great Hercules Cluster (M13, NGC 6205) Great Monad Great Observatories Great Red Spot Great Rift (in Milky Way) Great Rift Valley Great Square of Pegasus Great Wall greater omentum greatest elongation Green, George (1793 — 1841) Green, Nathaniel E. Green, Thomas Hill (1836 — 1882) green algae Green Bank Green Bank conference (1961) Green Bank Telescope green flash greenhouse effect greenhouse gases Green's theorem Greg, Percy (1836 — 1889) Gregorian calendar Grelling's paradox Griffith, George (1857 — 1906) Griffith Observatory Grignard, François Auguste Victor (1871 — 1935) Grignard reagent grike Grimaldi, Francesco Maria (1618 — 1663) Grissom, Virgil (1926 — 1967) grit gritstone Groom Lake Groombridge 34 Groombridge Catalogue gross ground, electrical ground state ground - track group group theory GROUPS AND GROUP THEORY growing season growth growth hormone growth hormone - releasing hormone growth plate Grudge, Project Gruithuisen, Franz von Paula (1774 — 1852) Grus (constellation) Grus Quartet (NGC 7552, NGC 7582, NGC 7590, and NGC 7599) GSLV (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle) g - suit G - type asteroid Guericke, Otto von (1602 — 1686) guanine Guiana Space Centre guidance, inertial Guide Star Catalog (GSC) guided missile guided missiles, postwar development Guillaume, Charles Édouard (1861 — 1938) Gulf Stream (
ocean current) Gulfstream (jet plane) Gullstrand, Allvar (1862 — 1930) gum Gum Nebula gun metal gunpowder Gurwin Gusev Crater gut Gutenberg, Johann (c. 1400 — 1468) Guy, Richard Kenneth (1916 ---RRB- guyot Guzman Prize gymnosperm gynecology gynoecium gypsum gyrocompass gyrofrequency gyropilot gyroscope gyrostabilizer Gyulbudagian's Nebula (H
ocean current) Gulfstream (jet plane) Gullstrand, Allvar (1862 — 1930) gum Gum Nebula gun metal gunpowder Gurwin Gusev Crater gut Gutenberg, Johann (c. 1400 — 1468) Guy, Richard Kenneth (1916 ---RRB- guyot Guzman Prize gymnosperm gynecology gynoecium gypsum gyrocompass gyrofrequency gyropilot gyroscope gyrostabilizer Gyulbudagian's Nebula (HH215)
From microscopic plankton to species» interactions in the marine ecosystem and from elemental biogeochemical cycling to the consequences
for economy and society: The German project BIOACID (Biological Impacts of
Ocean Acidification) analyses the problem of ocean acidification in its entire spec
Ocean Acidification)
analyses the problem of
ocean acidification in its entire spec
ocean acidification in its entire spectrum.
The
analysis technique is being tested
for various environmental conditions in several regions of the globe, including the tropical Pacific
Ocean.
This
analysis is performed in An observationally based energy balance
for the Earth since 1950 (Murphy 2009) which adds up heat content from the
ocean, atmosphere, land and ice.
However, comparison of the global, annual mean time series of near - surface temperature (approximately 0 to 5 m depth) from this
analysis and the corresponding SST series based on a subset of the International Comprehensive
Ocean - Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS) database (approximately 134 million SST observations; Smith and Reynolds, 2003 and additional data) shows a high correlation (r = 0.96)
for the period 1955 to 2005.
This accrued heat is «really the memory of past climate change,» said Kevin Trenberth, the head of climate
analysis at the National Center
for Atmospheric Research and co-author of a new paper on
ocean warming.
Rather, their
analysis shows that if you compare the LGM land cooling with the model land cooling, then the model that fits the land best has much higher GLOBAL climate sensitivity than you get
for best fit if you use
ocean data.
Ocean chemistry has been almost exclusively based upon retrieving samples from the ocean for laboratory or shipboard analysis, or deploying sensors to recover natural sig
Ocean chemistry has been almost exclusively based upon retrieving samples from the
ocean for laboratory or shipboard analysis, or deploying sensors to recover natural sig
ocean for laboratory or shipboard
analysis, or deploying sensors to recover natural signals.
The researchers created the Lagrangian In - situ Global High - performance particle Tracking (LIGHT)
analysis module within the Model
for Prediction Across Scales
Ocean for rapid calculations.
The Web GIS tutorial video and the teacher guide also models data exploration and
analysis techniques
for using the elevation - profile tool to discover that
ocean bathymetry is related to both surface heat flow and the age of the
ocean floor.
Before joining OPC, Jenn spent eight years as an
ocean policy analyst
for the Natural Resources Defense Council, where she conducted technical
analysis and developed policy recommendations to advance
ocean conservation related to marine protected areas, fisheries, marine debris, desalination, underwater noise, oil drilling, and aquaculture.
For example, due to the lack of ocean data, secondary data is often used to infer what the ocean is doing — thus, the AMO analysis relies not on ocean temperature measurements, but rather on air pressure measurements as a proxy for ocean behavior — iffy at be
For example, due to the lack of
ocean data, secondary data is often used to infer what the
ocean is doing — thus, the AMO
analysis relies not on
ocean temperature measurements, but rather on air pressure measurements as a proxy
for ocean behavior — iffy at be
for ocean behavior — iffy at best.
Balmaseda et al suggest that the recent years may not have much effect on the climate sensitivity after all, and according to their
analysis, it is the winds blowing over the
oceans that may be responsible
for the «slow - down» presented in the Economist.
That implies the existence of data from 110E to 130E which meets the putative criteria
for the Lindzen et al.
analysis — open
ocean NW of Australia and warm pool
ocean in the Indonesian archipelago.
He must realize that everyone that understands climate science knows that he is cherry - picking by selecting only
ocean temperatures (0 - 50 m below the surface)
for his
analysis.
As noted in that post, RealClimate defines the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation («AMO») as, «A multidecadal (50 - 80 year timescale) pattern of North Atlantic
ocean - atmosphere variability whose existence has been argued for based on statistical analyses of observational and proxy climate data, and coupled Atmosphere - Ocean General Circulation Model («AOGCM») simulat
ocean - atmosphere variability whose existence has been argued
for based on statistical
analyses of observational and proxy climate data, and coupled Atmosphere -
Ocean General Circulation Model («AOGCM») simulat
Ocean General Circulation Model («AOGCM») simulations.
The issue was settled
for good by a massive
analysis of millions of measurements made in all the world's
oceans.
Their
analysis showed that although moisture evaporated from the Pacific
Ocean is the major source
for California precipitation, the amount of water evaporated did not strongly influence precipitation in California, except in the cases of very heavy flooding.
Therefore, the best temperature observation
for comparison with climate models probably falls between the meteorological station surface air
analysis and the land —
ocean temperature index.
The most reliable source of information
for changes in the global mean net air — sea heat flux comes from the constraints provided by
analyses of changes in
ocean heat storage.
At this stage, you are probably thinking ``... but, it's not just the weather record
analysis — there's loads of other evidence
for global warming — the Arctic sea ice is melting, the
oceans are heating up, sea levels are rising, etc.» You're right — there is plenty of evidence that there has been some global warming in recent decades.
Regional reports on climate finance from the OECD Creditor Reporting System
for 2010 to 2015 in the Pacific and the Caribbean, and recent
analysis for Indian
Ocean and African SIDS show that, with the exception of the Pacific, there is no dramatic increase of flows from developed to developing countries in SIDS regions.
Conservation groups produce
analysis showing protection
for 35m hectares of
ocean will be downgraded
However, comparison of the global, annual mean time series of near - surface temperature (approximately 0 to 5 m depth) from this
analysis and the corresponding SST series based on a subset of the International Comprehensive
Ocean - Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS) database (approximately 134 million SST observations; Smith and Reynolds, 2003 and additional data) shows a high correlation (r = 0.96)
for the period 1955 to 2005.
Some of their criticisms were valid, like questioning the more extreme predictions
for ocean - level rise or the dubious link to hurricanes, and they were certainly right to bring up the cost - benefit
analysis of cap - and - trade.
SLR satellite data includes things such as the «GIA Adjustment» — which is the amount of SLR that there would have been if the
ocean basin hadn't increased in volume and in the case of this new study, how much higher the sea surface would have been if it had not been suppressed by the Mount Pinatubo volcanic eruption, another correction
for ENSO / PDO «computed via a joint cyclostationary empirical orthogonal function (CSEOF)
analysis of altimeter GMSL, GRACE land water storage, and Argo - based thermosteric sea level from 2005 to present», as well as other additions and adjustments — NONE OF WHICH can actually be found manifested in any change to the physical Sea Surface Height.»
This policy document aims to provide context
for Rio +20 discussions through
analysis of current challenges in
ocean and coastal management around the world, assessment of how well the multiple goals and objectives of previous international efforts have been met, and building on recent dialogue and inputs including the meeting of the UN Informal Consultative Process on
Oceans and the Law of the Sea (UNICPOLOS) and the Secretary General's report on
Oceans and Law of the Sea.
This report provides a synthesis and
analysis of the impacts of
ocean fertilization on marine biodiversity, and considers the possible impacts of geoengineering techniques on biodiversity and associated social, economic and cultural considerations, and on gaps in the regulatory mechanisms
for climate - related geoengineering relevant to the CBD.
For the period 1993 to 2003, the Levitus et al. (2005a)
analysis has a linear global
ocean trend of 0.42 ± 0.18 W m — 2, Willis et al. (2004) has a trend of 0.66 ± 0.18 W m — 2 and Ishii et al. (2006) a trend of 0.33 ± 0.18 W m — 2.
If this
analysis is correct then all of the land -
ocean records used in the IPCC AR5 report have been overstating the slowdown in warming over the past 16 years, although
for different reasons.
Perhaps you might humour me and offer your
analysis of the probability that the 2010 land /
ocean index, as determined by GISS, say, will be greater than the index
for 2005.
Extremely conservative cost / benefit
analysis (no costing of
ocean acidification,
for example, no consideration of reef loss) indicates that this would be better than break - even, we would make (some, not a lot) money doing so, from new industries and investments.
They are simply a first estimate.Where multiple
analyses of the biases in other climatological variables have been produced,
for example tropospheric temperatures and
ocean heat content, the resulting spread in the estimates of key parameters such as the long - term trend has typically been signicantly larger than initial estimates of the uncertainty suggested.
This is the first time this has been done
for an historical SST
analysis so we were keenly aware of what has happened when biases in other variables — troposphere temperatures and
ocean heat content are the prime examples — have been assessed.
Compare the SAR and the TAR
for example, and since then we have many more proxy reconstructions to consider, the satellite
analyses corrected, new data about energy imbalances, better observations of
ocean currents and temperature, ice sheet behaviour in Greenland and Antarctica and much much more.